• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.12
• /
• pp.4854-4862
• /
• 2010

Twenty five compounds isopropylmethylphenyl benzenesulfonate derivatives of thymol (1), 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (2), 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol (3), 4-isopropylphenol (4), and 2-isopropylphenol (5) derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were analyzed for their structural confirmation with IR, GC/MS, and $^1H$-NMR. Synthetic compounds were tested against phytopathogenic fungi activities such as Pyrcularia grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, Colletotrichum orbiculare, and Sphaerotheca fusca. 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenyl o-toluenesulfonate (1a), 2-isopropylphenyl 2,4,5-trichloro-benzenesulfonate (5b) and 2-isopropylphenyl 2-methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate (5e) showed a potent in vivo antifungal activity against Pyrcularia grisea, Phytophthora infestans and Sphaerotheca fusca.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.185-193
• /
• 1997

The characteristics of $Na^+$-dependent cycloleucine uptake was investigated in OK cells with regard to substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C (PKC). Inhibition studies with different synthetic and natural amino acids showed a broad spectrum affinity to neutral amino acids regardless of their different side chains including branched or aromatic, indicating that the $Na^+$-dependent cycloleucine uptake in OK cells is mediated by System $B^o$ or System $B^o$-like transporter rather than the classical System A or ASC. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, but not $4{\alpha}-PMA$ elicited a time-dependent biphasic stimulation of $Na^+$-dependent cycloleucine uptake, which produced early transient peak at 30 min and late sustained peak at 180min. Both the early and late stimulations by PMA were due to an increase in Vmax and not due to a change in Km. PKC inhibitors blocked both the early and late stimulation by PMA, while protein synthesis inhibitors blocked the late stimulation only. These results suggest the existence and regulation by PKC of System $B^o$ or System $B^o$-like broad spectrum transport system for neutral amino acids in OK cells.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.7 no.1_2
• /
• pp.67-87
• /
• 1992

Each detergent-solution in the concentration of 0.4% was prepared with four kinds of raw materials of detergents and two kinds of commercial surfactants for kitchen. LAS (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate), AOS ($\alpha$-O1effine Sulfonate), SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfonate) and SLE (Sodium Lauryl Ester Sulfonate) were used as the raw materials. Vegetables and fruits such as cucumber, crown daisy, lettuce, strawberry and tomatos were diped in each solution and washed 5 times in static or flow state. For the other experiments, tablewares such as porcelain, stainless bowls, glass and plastic cups were diped in each solution and washed also 5 times with cold and hot water in static or flow state. The residues of the detergents on the every steps of wash-conditions were measured. The results of this study were summarized as followings: 1. The residures of the detergents on the tested vegetables and fruits after 5 times washing were detected with the range from 0.450 to 7.120 ppm in static state and from 0.343 to 6.375 ppm in flow state. 2. The residures of the detergents on the tested tablewares after 5 times washing with cold water were observed with the range from 0.057 to 0.815 ppm in static state and from 0.066 to 0.905 ppm in flow state. 4. The residures of the detergents on the tested tablewares after 5 times washing with hot water were determined with the range from 0.061 to 0.424 ppm in static state and from 0.066 to 0.368 ppm in flow state. 4. Independent on detergent types, water temperatures and washing methods, the detergents were remained stablely on the porcelain; 0.057~0.815 ppm, on the stainless bowl; 0.061~0.905 ppm, on the glass cup; 0.0l4~0.592 ppm and on the plastic cup; 0.201~0.592 ppm.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.24
• /
• pp.10819-10824
• /
• 2015

Aims: To explore the effect and probable mechanism of a synthetic retinoid 4-amino-2-tri-fluoromethylphenyl ester (ATPR) on apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: MTT assays were performed to measure the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with different concentrations of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and ATPR. Morphologic changes were observed by microscopy. The apoptosis rates and cell cycling of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with ATRA or ATPR were assessed using flow cytometry analysis. Expression of retinoic acid receptor and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38 proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results: Treatment of the cells with the addition of $15{\mu}mol/L$ ATPR for 48 h clearly demonstrated reduced cell numbers and deformed cells, whereas no changes in the number and morphology were observed after treatment with ATRA. The apoptosis rate was 33.2% after breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were treated by ATPR ($15{\mu}mol/L$) whereas ATRA ($15{\mu}mol/L$) had no apoptotic effect. ATPR inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 while ATRA had no significant effect. ATPR inhibited the expression of BiP and increased the expression of Chop at the protein level compared with control groups, ATRA and ATPR both decreased the protein expression of $RXR{\alpha}$, ATPR reduced the protein expression of $RAR{\beta}$ and $RXR{\beta}$ while ATRA did not decrease $RAR{\beta}$ or $RXR{\beta}$. Conclusions: ATPR could induce apoptosis of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, possible mechanisms being binding to $RAR{\beta}/RXR{\beta}$ heterodimers, then activation of ER stress involving the MAPK pathway.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.146-152
• /
• 2001

Environmentally adapted synthetic base oils of polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) and polyol esters (POEs) show a high polarity because of their functional groups containing oxygen atom. The lubricating performance of these polar base oils was investigated by using a four-ball tribometer under boundary lubrication condition. Four polyalkylene glycols and five polyol ester base oils were used as sample base oils of high polarity. A mineral oil (MO) and alkylnaphthalene (AN) were used as low polarity base oils. Tricrecylphosphate (TCP) was added to all the base oils, in the range of 10 mmol/L-2000 mmol/L, as an antiwear additive. All the TCP-for-mutated base oils showed optimum concentration characteristics for minimizing wear. The order of optimum concentration of all the base oils was in a good accordance with the order of relative stability of TCP in base oils. The interaction model on solvation between additive and different polar base oils can expect the stability order of TCP. Thus, the model on solvation can explain well the order of optimum concentration of all the base oils, by using the effect of polarity (dielectric constant, $\varepsilon$) and molecular size (molecular weight, MW) of them on stability of TCP in polar base oils. Finally, a good correlation of the optimum concentration for all the base oils was obtained when it was arranged as a function of C∝(M $W_{Base Oil}$/M $W_{TCP}$)$^{-2}$.71/.($\varepsilon$$_{Base Oil}$)$^{3.38}$ by these two parameters.s..

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 2003

In this study, biodegradable base Li-greases were prepared by using Li-soap thickener and vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil and synthetic ester. Also, EP-greases were formulated by blending base Li-greases, anti-wear additives, EP additives, anti-oxidants and corrosion inhibitor etc. And EP-greases were characterized by analysing physical properties such as worked penetration, dropping point, 4-ball wear, extreme pressure, thermal properties etc. Biodegradability of base Li-greases and EP-greases were evaluated by CEC-L-33-A-93 method using several inoculums of domestic sewage treatment plant. As the results, biodegradability of vegetable oils were shown at the range of 97.1 to $98.4\%$. And biodegradability of base Li-greases and EP-greases were $86.2\%\;\~\;89.3\%\;and\;83.4\%\;\~\;90.0\%$ which were lower value than those o( vegetable oils due to effect of Li-soap thickener, respectively. Therefore, the EP-greases prepared in this study were easily biodegraded by microorgnism.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.153-162
• /
• 1989

Expedments were perfonned to examine the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK-A) and diacylglycerol-dependent protein kinase (PK-C) during the meiodc resumption and the first mitotic cell cycle of mouse embryogenesis. Mejoric GV oocytes and one-cell embryos derived from in vitro fertilization were cultured in vitro, and morphological changes in response to activators of PK-A and PK-C were examined. Treatments with a membrane-permeable cAMP analog, dbcAMP (0.1 mg/mi), phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX (0.1 mM), biologically active phorbol ester, WA (10 nglmi), or a synthetic diacylglycerol, sn-diC8 inhibited resumption of melosis. Combination of PK-A and PK-C activator brought about furiher inhibition. On the contrary, dbcAMP (0.1 mg/mi), IBMX (0.2 mM), WA (10 nglml), and sn-diC8 (0.5 mM) did not inhibit pronucleus membrane breakdown (PNBD) when added S or G2 phase of cell cycle. However, activators of PK-C inhibited cleavage of one-cefl embryos. This result indicates that the action mechanism of PK-A and PK-C on dissolution of nuclear membrane in primary meiotic arrest oocytes may be different from that of mitotic one-cell embryos.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.558-564
• /
• 2011

The biocompatibility and biodegradability of poly(amino acid) make them ideal candidates for many bio-related applications. Poly(aspartic acid), PASP, is one of synthetic water-soluble polymers with proteinlike structure, and has been extensively explored for the potential industrial and biomedical applications due to its biodegradable, biocompatible and pH-responsive properties. In this work, amino acid-conjugated PASPs were prepared by aminolysis reaction onto polysuccinimide (PSI) using ${\gamma}$-aminobutylic acid(GABA) and ${\beta}$-alanine methyl ester and a subsequent hydrolysis process. Their chemical gels were prepared by crosslinking reaction with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE). The hydrogels were investigated for their basic swelling behavior, hydrolytic degradation and morphology. The crosslinked gels showed a responsive swelling behavior, which was dependent on pH and salt concentration in aqueous solution, and relatively fast hydrolytic degradation.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.196-202
• /
• 2011

In this paper, a series of alkyl succinic acid esters for base oil were synthesized by condensation reaction of succinic anhydride and fatty alcohol. The structures of the synthesized esters were confirmed by $^1H-NMR$, FT-IR spectrum and GC analysis. Basic properties of esters such as kinematic viscosity (KV), refractive index (RI), total acid number (TAN) and pour points were measured and lubricating properties such as SRV wear scar diameter (SRV WSD), fraction coefficient (COF) and 4-ball wear (4-ball WSD) were also evaluated. As the results of basic properties, KV, RI and pour point of synthetic esters increased as the carbon chain of the esters increased. Measurement value of total acid number (TAN) was indicated between 0.2~4 mgKOH/g, and that metal working fluids and pressure working oils are acceptable to use as base oil. Also, lubricating properties of the esters showed as follows: 0.391~0.689 mm of SRV WSD, 0.110~0.138 of SRV COF and 0.49~0.55 mm of 4-ball WSD depended on the structure of the esters. In a comparison on the lubrication capacity of the SRV test based on polyester TMPTO, SRV WSD result showed that a better performance caused by the alkyl group. On the other hand, SRV COF test was not influenced of the alkyl group which the capacity of the lubricant was sightly diminished than the comparison material, regardless of the alkyl group.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.629-635
• /
• 2012

Two novel conjugated copolymers utilizing 4,7-dithien-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DTBT) coupled with cyano (-CN) substituted vinylene, as the electron deficient moeity, have been synthesized and evaluated in bulk heterojunction solar cell. The electron deficient moeity was coupled with carbazole and fluorene unit by Knoevenagel condition to provide poly(bis-2,7-((Z)-1-cyano-2-(5-(7-(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl)ethenyl)-alt-9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazol-2-yl-2-butenenitrile) (PCVCNDTBT) and poly(bis-2,7-((Z)-1-cyano-2-(5-(7-(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl)-2-thienyl)ethenyl)-alt-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl) (PFVCNDTBT). The optical band gaps of PCVCNDTBT (1.74 eV) and PFVCNDTBT (1.80 eV) are lower than those of PCDTBT (1.88 eV) and PFVDTBT (2.13 eV), which is advantageous to provide better coverage of the solar spectrum in the longer wavelength region. The high $V_{oc}$ value of the PSC of PCVCNDTBT (~0.91 V) is attributed to its lower HOMO energy level ( 5.6 eV) as compared to PCDTBT ( 5.5 eV). Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the blends of the polymers with [6,6]phenyl-$C_{61}$-butyric acid methyl ester ($PC_{61}BM$) gave power conversion efficiencies of 0.76% for PCVCNDTBT under AM 1.5, 100 mW/$cm^2$.