• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2015

Objectives : Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a human pathogen. New antibacterial agents are needed to treat MRSA-related infections. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of EtOH 70% extracts ofTonghyeonipal-dan(THD) which prescription is composed of oriental medicine against MRSA.Methods : The antibacterial activity of THD was evaluated against MRSA strains by using the Disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method, Checkerboard dilution test, and Time-kill test; its mechanism of action was investigated by bacteriolysis, detergent or ATPase inhibitors were used.Results : The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of THD is 1,000~2,000 μg/mL against MRSA. In the checkerboard dilution test, fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of THD in combination with antibiotics indicated synergy or partial synergism againstS. aureus. Furthermore, a time-kill assay showed that the growth of the tasted bacteria was considerably inhibited after 24 h of treatment with the combination of THD with selected antibiotics. For measurement of cell membrane permeability, THD 500 μg/mL along with concentration of Triton X-100 (TX) and Tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) were used. In the other hand, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and Sodium azide (NaN3) were used as an inhibitor of ATPase. TX, TRIS, DCCD and NaN3 cooperation againstS. aureusshowed synergistic action.Conclusions : Accordingly, antimicrobial activity of THD was affected by cell membrane and inhibitor of ATPase were assessed. These results suggest that THD has antibacterial activity, and that THD extract offers great potential as a natural antibiotic against MRSA.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2020

Paeonol, quercetin, β-sitosterol, and gallic acid extracted from Moutan Cortex had been reported to possess anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. This work aimed to illustrate the potential anti-oxidative mechanism of monomers in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells-induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and to evaluate whether the hepatoprotective effect of monomers was independence or synergy in mice stimulated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Monomers protected against oxidative stress in HepG2 cells in a dose-response manner by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species, increasing total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and activating the antioxidative pathway of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/Keap1) signaling pathway. We found that the in vitro antioxidant capacities of paeonol and quercetin were better than those of β-sitosterol and gallic acid. Furthermore, paeonol apparently diminished the levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, augmented the contents of glutathione and SOD, promoted the expressions of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 proteins in mice stimulated by CCl₄. In HepG2 cells, paeonol, quercetin, β-sitosterol, and gallic acid play a defensive role against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress through activating Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, indicating that these monomers have anti-oxidative properties. Totally, paeonol and quercetin exerted anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects, which is independent rather than synergy.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.47-50
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• 2018

목적: 세계에서 가장 아름다운 노래 아리랑 노래가 자연치유와 만나 시너지효과를 높이는 것이 중요하다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 아리랑 노래와 자연치유는 서로 다른 경계를 넘나들며 아리랑 음악 치유라는 분야에 아리랑과 새로운 체조를 접목해서 새로운 품새를 개발하는 것이 목적이었다. 방법: 아리랑체조를 개선하는 방법을 사용하였다. 결과: 사용한 아리랑 노래는 서울, 해주, 밀양, 강원도, 진도아리랑을 후렴과 본절 1절을 사용하였다. 기존의 아리랑 체조를 새로이 개발한 신 아리랑체조는 아리랑음악치유의 일부분으로 6개 동작으로 구성되어 있다. 품새를 보면 서울아리랑에 맞추어 준비운동을 시작으로 명치와 간담, 비장과 위장을 지압한다. 해주아리랑에 맞추어 복부의 오른쪽 간담, 왼쪽 비장과 위장, 위쪽(위장)과 아래쪽 방광을 맛사지해 준다. 밀양아리랑에 맞추어 단전과 방광, 심장과 폐를 두드린다. 다음에는 강원도 아리랑에 맞추어 양팔과 어깨를 스트레칭하고 양손을 엇갈려 뒤에서 만나게 한다. 그리고 진도아리랑에 맞추어 어깨와 손목을 돌린다. 결론: 새로운 품새를 이용한 신 아리랑과 체조에 맞추어 하는 유산소운동은 건강과 몸과 마음의 치유에 유용하다.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.221-232
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• 2024

Waste tire management and recycling have grown to be significant issues because they bring up a global environmental concern. Thus, turning recycled waste tires into useful products may help tackle the environmental issue. This research aims to study and compare the effect of recycled carbon black (rCB) and commercial carbon black (CB) at certain 15 vol. % of filler loading on the mechanical, thermal, morphology and electrical properties of epoxy/CB composites. For this project, epoxy resin, diethyltoluenediamine (DETDA), recovered carbon black (rCB) and commercial carbon black (CB) graded N330, N550, N660 and N774 were mixed and compared accordingly to the formulation determined. The CB content was dispersed in the epoxy matrix using the mechanical mixing technique. The distribution and dispersion of CB in the epoxy matrix affect the characteristics of the conductive composites. rCB content at 15 vol% was selected at fixed content for comparison purposes due to the optimum value in electrical conductivity results. The flexural strength results followed the sequence of rCB>N774>N660>N550>N330. As for electrical conductivity results, epoxy/N330 exhibited the highest conductivity value, while the others achieved a magnitude of X10^-3 due to the highest external surface area of N330. In terms of thermal stability, epoxy/N330 and epoxy/N774 were slightly more stable than epoxy/rCB.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.561-568
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• 2005

The factors affecting the long-term design strength of geogrid can be classified into factors on creep deformation, installation damage, temperature, chemical degradation and biological degradation. Especially, creep deformation and installation damage are considered as main factors to determine the long-term design strength of geogrid. Current practice in the design of reinforced soil is to calculate the long-term design strength of a reinforcement damaged during installation by multiplying the two partial safety factors, $RF_{ID} and RF_{CR}$. This method assumes that there is no synergy effect between installation damage and creep deformation of geogrids. Therefore, this paper describes the results of a series of experimental study, which are carried out to assess the combined effect of installation damage and creep deformation for the long-term design strength of geogrid reinforcement. The results of this study show that the tensile strength reduction factors, RF, considering combined effect between installation damage and creep deformation is less than that calculated by the current design method.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.886-893
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• 2012

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant strain. In most cases, MRSA is spread from infected patients and infection rates are growing increasingly. Furthermore, increased resistance to antibiotics is causing serious problems in the world. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for both nosocomial and community-based infections that range from relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening systemic infections. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated antimicrobial activity of oriental medicine prescription against MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Sohamhyung-tang water extract against S. aureus strains ranged from 500 to 2,000 ${\mu}g/mL$, so we have it confirmed that a strong antibacterial effect. Also, the combinations of Sohamhyung-tang water extract and conventional antibiotics exhibited improved inhibition of MRSA with synergy effect. We suggest that Sohamhyung-tang water extract against MRSA have antibacterial activity, it has potential as alternatives to antibiotic agent. We suggest that the Sohamhyung-tang water extract lead the treatment of bacterial infection to solve the resistance and remaining side-effect problems that are the major weak points of traditional antibiotics.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

Purpose - This research examines the effect of a foreign subsidiary on the productivity growth of a Two-way trading manufacturing firm in Korea. We explore firms engaged in both trade and FDI simultaneously to verify whether participation in GVC as a broad concept is an efficient internationalization strategy to increase the productivity of a Korean manufacturing firm. Design/methodology - Based on the firm-level data by utilizing the Survey of Business Activities from Statistics Korea, we examine the impact of vertically integrated foreign subsidiaries on the productivity of a manufacturing firm that exports and imports simultaneously. Findings - The results show that if a Two-way trading firm establishes one or more overseas subsidiaries, the total factor productivity growth increases. Moreover, the FDI effect is statistically significant when the destination country has an economically close relationship with Korea. However, these effects are disparate depending on the industrial competitiveness or market situation where the subsidiary is located. Nonetheless, the synergy effect resulting from industrial combination is represented in China and the USA only. Originality/value - As the importance of GVC has become more emphasized around the world. In spite of the scarcity of related domestic studies, we explored the effect of multinational manufacturing firms participating in GVC using firm-level data.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-47
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 한국증권선물거래소 상장기업을 대상으로 공개매수가 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 연구하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 공개매수 공시일 전후의 기업가치 변화를 합병의 경우와 비교하여 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공개매수와 합병의 비교검증에서 공개매수의 공시효과는 제의기업에서는 비유의적으로 나타났고 대상기업에서는 유의한 양(+)의 초과수익률이 발견되었다. 이와 대조적으로 합병의 공시효과는 제의기업에서 유의한 양(+)의 초과수익률이, 대상기업에서는 비유의적으로 나타났다. 또한 공개매수가 대상기업과 제의기업을 합한 총 초과수익률에서 합병의 경우보다 높고, 그 대부분은 제의기업보다는 대상기업에서 발생한다는 것을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 공개매수와 합병이 기업가치에 미치는 영향이 차별적으로 존재하며, Berkovitch and Khanna(1991)의 모형에서 제시한 것처럼 공개매수는 합병보다 더 높은 시너지이익이 가능한 경우에 발생한다는 주장을 지지하는 증거로 해석된다. 둘께, 공개매수가 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 세부적으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 타율적인 공개매수에 관해 자본시장이 부정적으로 반응하고 (2) 적대적 공개매수에 대해 제의기업이 지나친 비용을 지출하는 것으로 자본시장이 해석하며 (3) 지급수단(medium of payment)이 기업의 내재가치를 나타내는 신호 역할을 수행하는 증거가 발견되었다. 또한 (4) 비계열사 간의 공개매수는 제의기업과 대상기업 모두 기업가치에 유리하게 작용하는 것으로 나타났으며 (5) 공개매수 기간이 끝난 후에는 실패의 경우 제의기업의 주가는 급락하였으나, 대상기업의 주가는 오히려 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 (6) 비상장기업이 상장기업을 상대로 공개매수를 제의하는 것이 상장기업간의 공개매수 경우보다 대상기업의 기업가치에 유리하게 작용한다는 것을 발견하였다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.33-53
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• 2010

본 연구는 조선산업이 전남지역의 지역경제에 미치는 파급효과를 분석하였으며, 분석 방법으로는 국내외적으로 경제적 파급효과를 측정하는데 가장 많이 사용되어온 지역산업연관분석을 이용하여 파급효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과 전남지역에서 조선산업의 최종수요 1,908,800백만 원이 발생 할 경우 전남지역에 미치는 산업별 생산유발효과는 약 3,038,624백만 원, 부가가치유발효과는 약 940,656백만 원, 고용창출효과는 약 13,361명, 소득유발효과는 약 702,056백만 원인 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 전남지역내 조선산업이 지역내 다른 산업에 미치는 생산파급효과를 살펴보면 제1차 금속제품 458,784백만 원, 화학제품 128,250백만 원, 금속제품 71,498백만 원, 석유 및 석탄제품 50,829백만 원 순으로 높게 나타났다. 이와 같이 전남지역에서 조선산업은 생산유발계수와 영향력계수는 29개 산업부문 중 6위로 매우 높은 수준으로 타산업에 미치는 경제적 파급효과와 산업견인효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 소득유발효과와 부가가치유발효과, 고용유발효과, 전방산업 연관파급효과는 지역내에서 중상위 수준으로 나타나 전남지역의 향후 신규고용창출과 동부지역의 조선산업과 서부지역의 금속산업 및 화학산업간의 조화로운 발전을 위한 지역전략산업으로 육성이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Objectives : Infectious diseases by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a growing problem worldwide. Characteristic of MRSA is endlessly mutation to resist antibiotics. Daehwanggo (DHG) is one of the oriental medicine prescriptions contained in Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine. Daehwanggo was mainly used for external preparation from old times. The purpose of this study is to confirm possibility as supplementary drug of DHG about antibiotics through observation of synergy effect between DHG and commercial antibiotics and to observe restriction on growth of MRSA on any pathway through observation of mechanism. Methods : The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DHG against MRSA is $500{\sim}2000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by broth dilution method. In the checkerboard method, the combinations of DHG with antibiotics has partial synergistic effect or synergy effect and DHG markedly reduced the MICs of the antibiotics oxacillin (OX), gentamicin (GT) against MRSA. In the inhibition of resistance mechanism of DHG against MRSA, the expression of resistance gene and protein about ${\beta}-lactam$ antibiotic was reduced. Also, we observed the effect of DHG about cell membrane permeability against MRSA, and confirmed that DHG suppressed growth of strains by increasing cell membrane permeability. Results : Basis on the result, we speculate that DHG increase antibacterial activity of antibiotics against MRSA by changing the structure of cell wall of MRSA. Conclusions : These data suggest that Daehwanggo possesses possibility as supplementary drug about antibiotics against MRSA.