• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2017

Service life assessments which do not include the synergy between mechanical and environmental loading are neglecting a factor that can have a significant impact on structural safety and durability assessment. The degradation of concrete structure is a result of the combined effect of environmental and mechanical factors. In order to make service life design realistic it is necessary to consider both of these factors acting simultaneously. This paper deals with the advanced modelling of concrete carbonation and chloride ingress into concrete using stochastic 1D and 2D models. Widely accepted models incorporated into the new fib Model Code 2010 are extended to include factors that reflect the coupled effects of mechanical and environmental loads on the durability and reliability of reinforced concrete structures. An example of cooling tower degradation by carbonation and an example of a bended reinforced concrete beam kept for several years in salt fog are numerically studied to show the capability of the stochastic approach. The modelled degradation measures are compared with experimental results, leading to good agreement.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-54
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• 2014

Recently, investment to basic science has been increased and infrastructure of science and technology has been expanded in developed countries like U.S.A, UK and Japan to foster high-tech industries. Science and research parks are built and under operation to acquire national competitive power and to activate regional economy over the world today. It is argued that more synergy effects are generated when science and research parks are operated in cooperation with related organizations and facilities such as firms, universities, research institutes and governments than it is operated by one organization. The aim of this paper is to develop a governance model of science and research parks. One comprehensive model and three individual governance models were developed according to the structure and relations of industry-science/research park-supporting organization interactions. When governance model of science and research parks is established and properly managed, national development capacity would be greatly enhanced through the acceleration of technology transfer, industrial production rise and enhancement of efficiency in the area of R&D and supporting system etc. One of the key factors in building governance system for science and research parks is establishing a control tower that supervises governance system comprehensively and systematically.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1395-1411
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• 2009

The Korea railroad industry has experienced the operating deficit annually since 1980. And the ridership has been reduced since 1990. Therefore, a structural reform of the Korea railroad industry conducted at 2003. Basic principles of their structural reform are no differences among the Korea and advanced counties. But different outcomes depending on each country situation appears. These cost functions appear the existence of all economic of scale. And when increase the average transport distance annually, the average cost reduce annually. The results of structural reform by comparing before and after, the average cost was lower than previously. The Structural reform and the operation of the KTX, the two effects at the same time, the synergy effect has occurred. Because of the synergy effect, the performance is estimated to be larger. Due to the effective operation of structural reform that could reduce costs.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.299-309
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• 2008

Cumulative effects can be defined as impacts on environment which results from incremental impacts of a proposed project, which covers other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions. The necessity of Cumulative Effect Assessment is that, when there are several projects near the project area, environmental effects of individual project can be larger or smaller than those of individual project without having projects nearby because of synergy, ascending and descending effects. This study was intended to help Environmental Impact Assessment practitioners identify spatial and temporal boundaries during the scoping stage. To do this, literature review of domestic and foreign legislations, guidelines, textbooks and papers related to Environmental Impact Assessment and Cumulative Effect Assessment was accomplished. This study suggests that continuous research be needed in order to identify spatial boundaries for other assessment fields and to develop methodologies for cumulative effect assessment.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.129-133
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• 2009

country for green growth under minimizing boils to do change in climate under confronting boil the use of petrifaction resources energy and in change. Reduces the greenhouse gas and a environmental contamination, continuity for the growth which is possible demobilizes the greens and ecosystem, with alternative the roof which is an idle space from the construction water and the greens and uses creates in compliance with the effect which is various an energy economy and applies. Roof telerecording the synergy effect which follows with the effect which is various is not the energy saving which leads one effect which is simple in harmony and this lives together the environment which leads and possibility means that becomes the environmental element which hits.

• Defense and Technology
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• no.11 s.261
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• pp.30-41
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• 2000

경제개발 초창기부터 우리 나라의 산업발전에 일익을 담담해 온 국방과학기술은 그 특수성 때문에 민간기술과 혼합되어 시너지효과(Synergy Effect)를 유발시킴으로써 신기술의 개발은 물론 국가경쟁력 제고에 상당한 기여를 하였던 것이 사실이다. 하지만, 걸음마 단계에 불과한 민.군겸용기술사업은 현재의 여건상 소요예산확보, 대국민 홍보, 산.학.연.군 및 정부부처와의 협조체제 구축 등의 몇 가지 현안 문제점들을 안고는 있지만 사업담당자 및 관련부처 협조와 공감대 형성을 통하여 한국적인 "민.군겸용기술개발사업"구축에 지속적인 관심과 노력이 있어야 할 것이다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.893-896
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• 1998

A new evolutionary programming technique using multiple subpopulations with completely differnt evolution mechanisms is propsed to solve the optimization problems. Three subpopulations, each has different evolution charcteristics and uses different EP algorithms such as SAEP, AEP and FEP, are cooperating with synergy effect in which it increases the possibility to quickly find the global optimum of continuous optimization problems. Subpopulations evolve in differnt manner and the interaction among these leads to global minimum quickly.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to explain and to evaluate the city development strategy of Stuttgart/Germany. Otherwise this paper deals with the transformation possibility of Stuttgart model to city of Taegu. In recent times Stuttgart has invested great effort to innovate her structural problems. Important points are as follows; Planning of development strategy for future, Innovation of infrastructure and city image, Effort for environment, participation programs for citizens etc. Coooperation between Stuttgart and Taegu will bring some synergy effect in the future.

• IE interfaces
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2000

The Six-Sigma is now common word as a management innovation in every business. Many companies have practiced to the TPM in Korea. These companies have regarded the Six-Sigma as a new approach or redundant strategy for management. This paper suggests a model which contains how to unite TPM and Six-sigma to make a big synergy effect for the company which is on developing of TPM. This model based upon SAMSUNG CORNING as a process industry.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2006

Metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase (MBL) can hydrolyze all ${\beta}$-lactams except monobactams and frequently coexists with various antibiotic resistance genes such as aminoglycoside resistance, sulfonamide resistance gene, etc. Therefore, the effective antibiotics against infections by these bacteria are markedly limited or can't even be found. We tried to search in-vitro antimicrobial combinations with synergistic effects for a VIM-2 type MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from clinical specimen. On the selection of antibiotic combinations with synergistic effects, we performed a one disk synergy test, modified Pestel's method, in agar without aztreonam (AZT). The bacteriostatic synergistic effects of this tests were scored as $S_1$ (by susceptibility pattern in agar without antibiotics), $S_2$ (by the change of susceptibility in agar with or without antibiotics) and $S_3$ ($S_1$ + $S_2$) and was classified into weak (1 point), moderate (2 points) and strong (3 points) by $S_3$ score. Subsequently, we carried out the time-killing curve for the antibiotic combinations with the strong synergistic bacteriostatic effect. One VIM-2 type MBL producing P. aeruginosa confirmed by the PCR showed all resistance against all ${\beta}$-lactams except AZT, aminoglycoside and ciprofloxacin. In the one disk synergy test, this isolate showed a strong bacteriostatic synergistic effect for the antibiotic combination of AZT and piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP-TZP) or AZT and amikacin (AN). On the time-killing curve after six hours of incubation, the colony forming units (CFUs/mL) of this bacteria in the medium broth with both combination antibiotics were decreased to 1/18.7, 1/17.1 of the least CFUs of each single antibiotics. The triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN was shown to be significantly synergistic after 8 hrs of exposure. In a VIM-2 MBL producing P. aeruginosa with susceptibility for AZT, the triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN may be considered as an alternative antibiotics modality against the infection by some MBL type. But the antimicrobial combination therapy for many more MBL producing isolates is essential to know as soon as possible for the selection of effective treatment against the infection by this bacteria.