Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.20.1.099

Concrete structures under combined mechanical and environmental actions: Modelling of durability and reliability  

Vorechovska, Dita (Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology)
Somodikova, Martina (Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology)
Podrouzek, Jan (Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology)
Lehky, David (Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology)
Teply, Bretislav (Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology)
Publication Information
Computers and Concrete / v.20, no.1, 2017 , pp. 99-110 More about this Journal
Abstract
Service life assessments which do not include the synergy between mechanical and environmental loading are neglecting a factor that can have a significant impact on structural safety and durability assessment. The degradation of concrete structure is a result of the combined effect of environmental and mechanical factors. In order to make service life design realistic it is necessary to consider both of these factors acting simultaneously. This paper deals with the advanced modelling of concrete carbonation and chloride ingress into concrete using stochastic 1D and 2D models. Widely accepted models incorporated into the new fib Model Code 2010 are extended to include factors that reflect the coupled effects of mechanical and environmental loads on the durability and reliability of reinforced concrete structures. An example of cooling tower degradation by carbonation and an example of a bended reinforced concrete beam kept for several years in salt fog are numerically studied to show the capability of the stochastic approach. The modelled degradation measures are compared with experimental results, leading to good agreement.
Keywords
concrete structures; synergy; mechanical loading; environmental loading; modelling; service life; reliability;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Andrade, C., Climent, M.A. and De Vera, G. (2015), "Procedure for calculating the chloride diffusion coefficient and surface concentration from a profile having a maximum beyond the concrete surface", Mater. Structs., 48(4), 863-869.   DOI
2 Ang, A.H.S. and Tang, W.H. (1975), Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and Design, V. I, Basic Principles, John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A.
3 ATENA Software. http://www.cervenka.cz/.
4 Audenauert, K., De Schutter, G. and Marsavina, L. (2009), "Influence of cracks on chloride penetration and corrosion initiation time", Proceedings of the 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Concrete Durability and Service Life Planning, Haifa, Israel.
5 Bazant, Z.P. and Chern, J.C. (1984), "Bayesian statistical prediction of concrete creep and shrinkage", ACI J., 81(4), 319-330.
6 Bentz, D.P., Garboczi, E.J., Lu, Y., Martys, N., Sakulich, A.R. and Weiss, W.J. (2013), "Modeling of the influence of transverse cracking on chloride penetration into concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 38, 65-74.   DOI
7 Beuhausen, H. (2014), "Pro 089: Principles of the performancebased approach for concrete durability", Proceedings of the RILEM International Workshop on Performance-Based Specification and Control of Concrete Durability.
8 Biondini, F., Bontempi, F., Frangopol, D.M. and Malerba, P.G. (2004), "Cellular automata approach to durability analysis of concrete structures in aggressive environments", J. Struct. Eng., 130(11), 1724-1737.   DOI
9 Deung, C., Wang, S., Xiong, J., Fan, Z. and Xu, Y. (2013), "Influence of thickness deviation of concrete cover on durability design of concrete structures", Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions-Environment and Loading, Nanjing, China.
10 Oh, B.H. and Jang, S.Y. (2007), "Effects of material and environmental parameters on chloride penetration profiles in concrete structures", Cement Concrete Res., 37(1), 47-53.   DOI
11 Papakonstantinou, K.G. and Shinozuka, M. (2013), "Probabilistic model for steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures of large dimensions considering crack effects", Eng. Struct., 57, 306-326.   DOI
12 Podrouzek, J. (2009), "Stochastic cellular automata in dynamic environmental modelling: Practical applications", Electr. Not. Theor. Comput. Sci., 252, 143-156.   DOI
13 Podrouzek, J., Bucher, C. and Deodatis, G. (2014), "Identification of critical samples of stochastic processes towards feasible structural reliability applications", Struct. Saf., 47, 39-47.   DOI
14 Podrouzek, J., Strauss, A. and Novak, D. (2015), "Spatial degradation in reliability assessment of ageing concrete structures", Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Uncertainty Quantification in Computational Sciences and Engineering, Crete, Greece.
15 RILEM (2013), Publications on Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures under Combined Mechanical Loads and Environmental Actions: An Annotated Bibliography, Report rep043.
16 Vanmarcke, E., Shinozuka, M., Nakagiri, S., Schueller, G.I. and Grigoriu, M. (1986), "Random fields and stochastic finite elements", Struct. Saf., 3(3-4), 143-166.   DOI
17 Schneider, R., Fischer, J., Bugler, M., Nowak, M., Thons, S., Borrmann, A. and Straub, D. (2015), "Assessing and updating the reliability of concrete bridges subjected to spatial deterioration-principles and software implementation", Struct. Concrete, 16(3), 356-365.   DOI
18 Tang, S.W., Yao, Y., Andrade, C. and Li, Z.J. (2015), "Recent durability studies on concrete structures", Cement Concrete Res., 78, 143-154.   DOI
19 Teply, B., Chroma, M., Rovnanik, P. and Novak, D. (2012), "Role of modelling in probabilistic durability assessment of concrete structures", Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Life-Cycle and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems, Vienna, Austria.
20 Teply, B., Kralova, H., Stewart, M.G. (2003), "Ambient carbon dioxide, carbonation and deterioration of RC structures", J. Mater. Struct. Reliab., 1, 31-36.
21 Vorechovska, D., Podrouzek, J., Chroma, M., Rovnanikova, P. and Teply, B. (2009), "Modelling of chloride concentration effect on reinforcement corrosion", Comput. Aid. Civil Infrastruct. Eng., 24(6), 446-458.   DOI
22 Wan, X., Wittmann, F.H., Zhao, T. and Jiang, F. (2013), "Chloride penetration into concrete after uniaxial compression", J. Front. Constr. Eng., 2(3), 66-74.
23 Wang, L. and Ueda, T. (2011), "Mesoscale modelling of the chloride diffusion in cracks and cracked concrete", J. Advs Concrete Technol., 9(3), 241-249.   DOI
24 Wittmann, F.H., Jiang, F., Zhao, T., Wan, X. and Zhang, P. (2012), "Durability of concrete and service life of reinforced concrete structures under combined mechanical and environmental actions", Proceedings of the 7th Annual Concrete Conference, Qingdao, China.
25 Fib (2012), Fib Bulletins No. 65 & 66, Model Code 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland.
26 Djerbi, A., Bonnet, S., Khelidj, A. and Baroughel-Bouny, V. (2008), "Influence of transversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 38(6), 877-883.   DOI
27 EN 1992-1-1 (2004), Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
28 Fib (2006), Fib Bulletin No. 34-Service Life Design, Lausanne, Switzerland.
29 Francois, R. and Arliguie, H. (1999), "Effect of microcracking and cracking on the development of corrosion in reinforced concrete members", Mag. Concrete Res., 51(2), 143-150.   DOI
30 Fu, C., Jin, X., Ye, H. and Jin, N. (2015), "Theoretical and experimental investigation on loading effects on chloride diffusion in saturated concrete", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 13, 30-43.   DOI
31 Gehlen, C. and Sodeikat, C. (2002), "Maintenance planning of reinforced concrete structures: Redesign in a probabilistic environment inspection update and derived decision making", Proceedings of the 9DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, Brisbane, Australia.
32 Kim, D.G., Shimura, K. and Horiguchi, T. (2010), "Effect of tensile loading on chloride penetration of concrete mixed with granulated furnace slag", J. Adv. Concrete Technol., 8(1), 27-34.   DOI
33 Yuan, Q., Shi, C., De Schutter, G., Audenaurt, K. and Deng, D. (2009), "Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment-a review", Constr. Build. Mater., 23(1), 1-13.   DOI
34 Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Xing, F. and Lu, Z. (2011), "Coupling effects of influence factors on probability of corrosion initiation time of reinforced concrete", J. Centr. South Univ. Technol., 18(1), 223-229.   DOI
35 Iman, R.L. and Conover, W.J. (1980), "Small sample sensitivity analysis techniques for computer models with an application to risk assessment", Commun. Stat. Theor. Meth., 9(17), 1749-1842.   DOI
36 Ishida, T., O'Neil Iqbal, P. and Anh, H.T.L. (2009), "Modeling of chloride diffusivity coupled with non-linear binding capacity in sound and cracked concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 39(10), 913-923.   DOI
37 JCSS (2015), Probabilistic Model Code-Part III, Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS), Denmark.
38 Jin, W.L., Yan, Y.D. and Wang, H.L. (2010), Chloride Diffusion in the Cracked Concrete, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, Korea.
39 Kersner, Z., Novak, D., Teply, B. and Bohdanecky, V. (1996), "Concrete carbonation, reinforcement corrosion and service life of a cooling tower", Sanace, 4, 21-23.
40 Leung, C.K.Y. and Hou, D. (2013), "Numerical simulation of chloride diffusion reinforced concrete structures with cracks", Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions-Environment and Loading, Nanjing, China.
41 Lollini, F., Carsana, M., Gastaldi, M., Radaelli, E. and Bertolini, L. (2015), "The challenge of the performance-based approach for the design of reinforced concrete structures in chloride bearing environment", Constr. Build. Mater., 79, 245-254.   DOI
42 McKay, M.D., Conover, W.J. and Beckman, R.J. (1979), "A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code", Technometr., 21, 239-245.
43 Lu, C.H., Gao, Y. and Liu, R.G. (2014), "Effect of transverse crack on chloride penetration into concrete subjected to dryingwetting cycles", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
44 Lu, Z., Zhao, Y., Yu, Z. and Ding, F. (2011), "Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time in RC bridge beams with loadinduced cracks exposed to de-icing salts", Cement Concrete Res., 41(3), 365-372.   DOI
45 Martin-Perez, B., Zibara, H., Hooton, R.D. and Thomas, M.D.A. (2000), "A study of the effect of chloride binding on service life predictions", Cement Concrete Res., 30(8), 1215-1223.   DOI
46 Novak, D., Vorechovsky, M. and Teply, B. (2014), "FReETsoftware for the statistical and reliability analysis of engineering problems and FReET-D: Degradation module", Adv. Eng. Softw., 72, 179-192.   DOI
47 Miyazato, S. and Otsuki, N. (2010), "Steel corrosion induced by chloride or carbonation in mortar with bending cracks or joints", Adv. Concrete Technol., 8(2), 135-144.   DOI
48 Mu, S., De Schutter, G. and Ma, B. (2013), "Non-steady state chloride diffusion in concrete with different crack densities", Mater. Structs., 46, 123-133.   DOI