• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.5-34
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the unique contrasting landscape characteristics of imperial tombs of Qing dynasty by examining the characteristics of facility layout in which location, Feng shui, and siblings are harmonized with the 12 Qing Dynasty Hwanggyeongchim. Through literature surveys, field observation and interviews, videos and drawing comparison, and inductive contrast analysis, the contrasting landscape characteristics of imperial tombs in the Qing Dynasty were analyzed by classifying them into natural environment, location, Feng shui, and formal esthetics. As a result, the characteristics of the location type and the layout plan of the Qing dynasty imperial tombs were derived from the analysis of Feng shui shape, axis extension distance along the midaxial line, the width of the ridge, the formality of the facility layout according to the difference between the height of the starting point and the end point, the leftward direction of the tomb, and the space ratio of the 'entry space' - 'ritual space' - 'burial mound space', etc. In addition, it was possible to derive the facility arrangement characteristics of tombstones through the analysis of the types and the arrangement order of tombs facilities, as well as the distribution, quantity and types of stone figures, while also revealing some contrasting characteristics different from those of the Ming Dynasty. In addition, it was confirmed that the spatial division effect through the water system and the view effect of the view from the midaxial line and the vista are the representative view effect found in the Qing Dynasty imperial tombs along with the density contrast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2022

The Study In order to obtain a sharpness Image from Skull PA axial projection (Haas) in a head axial X-ray Examination, this study changed the posture angle using Skull Phantom and evaluated the image subjectively to 5 radiologists who worked in the Department of Imaging at University Hospital. In the prone position, the head was lowered 4 cm from the back of the head, entered 25° toward the head, and the image evaluation score was high with 20 points, such as the back bone, dorsum sellae projected in the large hole, and posterior clinoid process. In addition, the score significance was verified, and the Cronbach Alpha value was evaluated to have good reliability of 0.789. As a result of calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by setting the region of interest (ROI) of the image, it was the highest at 5.957 for 25° incident at the back of the head and 6.430 for 30° incident at the back of the head. As a result of the study, in order to obtain a sharp image of the back of the head bone, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid process when shooting in the axial direction after the head, it is filmed by tilting 25° toward the head from 4 cm below the back of the head. In order to obtain a sharp image of rock pyramid symmetry, petrous ridge, sagittal suture, and lambdoid suture, it is thought that it will be helpful for clinical use if you shoot it 8cm down from the back of the head and tilt it 30° toward the head.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.363-377
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• 2021

The present study investigated the effects of dynamic tubing gait training(I and II) on the postural alignment, gait, and quality of life in chronic patients with Parkinson's disease. This study is based on the case study that recruited a total of 3 patients with chronic Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr Stage of 1 to 3 each one person). Dynamic tubing gait training (I and II) applied to chronic patients with Parkinson's disease for 25 sessions, 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, over 5 weeks period. To investigate the effects of this study, evaluating using the postural alignment test, muscle activity tests, gait analysis, and quality of life scale for patient with Parkinson's disease. After the intervention of Dynamic tubing gait training (I and II), Trunk flexion was decreased. Also, during walking from initial contact (IC) to mid stance (Mst), muscle activity of Quadriceps, Hamstring, and Tibialis Anterior (TA) was increased and muscle activity of Gastrocnemius was decreased. The muscle activation of Erector Spinae (ES T12, L3) was increased in the H&Y I and III stages and decreased in the H&Y II stage. Length of gait line, single support line, ant/post position and lateral symmetry of center of pressure (COP) parameters improved. The spatio-temporal gait parameters including of step length, stride length, and velocity was increased, and cadence decreased. Further the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease was improved. Based on these findings, Dynamic tubing gait training (I and II) could be applied as a new approach to improve posture, gait, quality of life in chronic patients with Parkinson's disease for more than 5 years, whose drug resistance is halved.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The maximum width between the mesial and distal labial transitional line angles, described as "esthetic width" herein, could significantly influence the visual perception of the teeth and smile. This study aimed to conduct biometric research on esthetic width and to explore whether regular distribution exists in the esthetic width of human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 4,264 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were measured using the Geomagic studio software program. The proportions of maxillary to mandibular homonymous teeth and proportions between the adjacent teeth were calculated. Bilateral symmetry and the correlation between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths were both accounted for during the measurement procedures. RESULTS. The mean esthetic widths were 6.773 ± 0.518 mm and 4.329 ± 0.331 mm for maxillary and mandibular central incisors, respectively, 5.451 ± 0.487 mm and 5.008 ± 0.351 mm for maxillary and mandibular lateral incisors, respectively, and 3.340 ± 0.353 mm and 5.958 ± 0.415 mm for maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. Except for the mandibular canines, no significant difference in esthetic width was found among homonymous teeth from the same jaw. A high linear correlation was found between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths of the same tooth, except for the maxillary canines. Esthetic width proportions among different tooth categories showed some regular patterns, which were similar to those of the mesiodistal width. CONCLUSION. Esthetic width is regularly distributed among the teeth in the Chinese population. This could provide an important reference for anterior dental restorations and dimension recovery in esthetic reconstruction of anterior teeth.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2023

A multi-view display is regarded as the most practical technology to provide a three-dimensional effect to a viewer because it can provide an appropriate viewpoint according to the observer's position. But, most multi-view displays with flat shapes have a disadvantage in that a viewer watches 3D images only within a limited front viewing angle. In this paper, we proposed a spherical display using a ball lens with spherical symmetry that provides perfect parallax by extending the viewing zone to 360 degrees. In the proposed system, each projection lens is designed to be packaged into a small modular array, and the module array is arranged in a spherical shape around a ball lens to provide vertical and horizontal parallax. Through the applied optical module, the image is formed in the center of the ball lens, and 3D contents are clearly imaged with the size of about 0.65 times the diameter of the ball lens when the viewer watches them within the viewing window. Therefore, the feasibility of a 360-degree full parallax display that overcomes the spherical aberration of a ball lens and provides a wide field of view is confirmed experimentally.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2023

In this study, the expressions of magnetic vector and magnetic gradient tensor due to an elliptical cylinder were derived. Igneous intrusions and kimberlite structures are often shaped like elliptical cylinders with axial symmetry and different radii in the strike and perpendicular directions. The expressions of magnetic fields due to this elliptical cylinder were derived from the Poisson relation, which includes the direction of magnetization in the gravity gradient tensor. The magnetic gradient tensor due to an elliptical cylinder is derived by differentiating the magnetic fields. This method involves obtaining a total of 10 triple derivative functions acquired by differentiating the gravitational potential of the elliptical cylinder three times in each axis direction. As the order of differentiation and integration can be exchanged, the magnetic gradient tensor was derived by differentiating the gravitational potential of the elliptical cylinder three times in each direction, followed by integration in the depth direction. The remaining double integration was converted to a complex line integral along the closed boundary curve of the elliptical cylinder in the complex plane. The expressions of the magnetic field and magnetic gradient tensor derived from the complex line integral in the complex plane were shown to be perfectly consistent with those of the circular cylinder derived by the Lipschitz-Hankel integral.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.615-624
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the use of sugar alcohols as alternative sweeteners for replacing sucrose in sponge cake. The sponge cakes were prepared with only sucrose or a 50% replacement of sucrose with various sugar alcohols (erythritol, sorbitol, and xylitol). The specific gravity of cake batter containing only sucrose was significantly higher and the viscosity was significantly lower than those containing sugar alcohol (p<0.001). Among sugar alcohols, xylitol was the most similar to sucrose. The thermal characteristics, as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, showed that sucrose delayed gelatinization of cake batter more than sugar alcohol, as the onset temperature and the peak temperature of cake batter containing only sucrose were higher than those containing sugar alcohol. The moisture content of cake containing sorbitol was the highest and that containing only sucrose was the lowest among cakes. The specific volume of cakes containing only sucrose and xylitol were higher and the baking loss rate of those were lower than other sugar alcohols. The volume and symmetry index of cake containing only sucrose were the highest among cakes (p<0.001), and xylitol was similar to sucrose for the above indices. The redness (a) and yellowness (b) values of crust containing only sucrose were significantly higher than those containing sugar alcohols (p<0.001). The a and b values of crumb containing erythritol were the lowest among cakes, showing a pale yellowish color. The microstructure, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy, showed that the cake containing only sucrose had more uniformly and finely distributed pores and a smoother cross section than that containing sugar alcohols. Cake containing xylitol was similar to cake containing only sucrose. Hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of cake containing only sucrose were higher than those containing sugar alcohols, whereas the adhesiveness of cakes containing sugar alcohols were higher than those containing only sucrose (p<0.01). Among sugar alcohols, xylitol was the most similar to sucrose in textural properties. In a sensory quality test, the tenderness and moistness of cakes containing sorbitol and erythritol were higher than those containing only sucrose and xylitol. The overall acceptance of cakes containing xylitol and only sucrose were higher than those containing sorbitol and erythritol (p<0.001). Thus, xylitol is more appropriate as a 50% replacement for sucrose than erythritol and sorbitol when preparing sponge cake.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.361-365
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• 2007

Aero-pulsation noise, generally caused by geometric asymmetry of a rotating device, is one of considerable sources of annoyance in passenger cars using the turbocharged diesel engine. Main source of this noise is the compressor wheel in the turbocharger system, and can be reduced by after-treatment devices such as silencers, but which may increase the manufacturing cost. More effective solution is to improve the geometric symmetry over all, or to control the quality of components by sorting out inferior ones. The latter is more simple and reasonable than the former in view of manufacturing. Thus, an appropriate discrimination method should be needed to evaluate aero-pulsation noise level at the production line. In this paper, we introduce the accurate method which can measure the noise level of aero-pulsation and also present its evaluation criteria. Besides verifying the reliability of a measurement system - a rig test system-, we analyze the correlation between the results from rig tests and those from vehicle tests. The gage R&R method is carried out to check the repeatability of measurements over 25 samples. From the result, we propose the standard specification which can discriminate inferior products from superior ones on the basis of aero-pulsation noise level.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.338-348
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• 2024

Airbrushes are being utilized in various industries due to their practicality and ability to express a wide range of designs. Especially in the field of body painting, they have become an essential tool for artists. Airbrushes enable precise color application, shaping, and gradient expression, thereby reducing work time, which has led to their increasing use in the field of body painting. This study aims to present the latest design trends in airbrush body painting by analyzing the design composition, color planning, blending, and expression techniques, focusing on award-winning works in the airbrush-exclusive category of internationally recognized World Bodypainting Festivals. The results are as follows. Firstly, in terms of design composition, emphasis and balance principles are primarily used. The main image is emphasized at the center of the upper body, while a balanced composition with left-right symmetry is observed in the lower body. Secondly, color planning and blending primarily utilize contrasting colors to enhance visibility. Thirdly, all major award-winning works utilize stencil and gradient techniques to accurately depict shapes and add dimension. Based on these analyses, body painting designs were planned and executed using airbrushes. Through such artwork production, the artistic utilization of airbrush body painting is aimed to be popularized, contributing to domestic research in the field of airbrush body painting.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 2024

In this study, expressions for the magnetic field and magnetic gradient tensor due to an elliptical disk were derived. Igneous intrusions and kimberlite structures often have elliptical cylinders with axial symmetry and elliptical cross sections. An elliptical cylinder with varying cross-sectional areas was approximated using stacks of elliptical disks. The magnetic fields of elliptical disks were derived using the Poisson relation, which includes the direction of magnetization in the gravity gradient tensor, as described in a previous study (Rim, 2024). The magnetic gradient tensor due to an elliptical disk is derived by differentiating the magnetic fields, which is equivalent to obtaining ten triple-derivative functions acquired by differentiating the gravitational potential of the elliptical disk three times in each axis direction. Because it is possible to exchange the order of differentiation, the magnetic gradient tensor is derived by differentiating the gravitational potential of the elliptical disk three times, which is then converted into a complex line integral along the closed boundary curve of the elliptical disk in the complex plane. The expressions for the magnetic field and magnetic gradient tensor derived from a complex line integral in complex plane are perfectly consistent with those of the circular disk derived from the Lipschitz-Hankel integral.