• Title/Summary/Keyword: symbolic substitution

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Implementation of the two-step modified signed digit number adders using joint spatial encoding method (결합 공간 부호화 방법을 이용한 두 단계 변형부호화자리수 가산기 구현)

  • Seo, Dong-Hwan;Kim, Jong-Yun;Park, Se-Jun;Jo, Ung-Ho;No, Deok-Su;Kim, Su-Jung
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.38 no.11
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    • pp.810-820
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    • 2001
  • Conventional binary adder requires a carry propagation to the most significant bit, and leads to serial addition. However, optical adder using a modified signed digit(MSD) number system has been Proposed to reduce the carry propagation chain encountered in binary adder. In this paper, in order to minimize the number of symbolic substitution(SS) rules, nine input patterns were divided into five groups of the same addition results. For recognizing the input reference patterns, serial connections of joint spatial encoded patterns and masks without any other spatial operations are used.

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On the Application of Traditional Chinese Cultural Symbols and Modern Literary Symbols in Zhang Yimou's Film (장예모의 영화 ≪영≫의 중국문화상징과 현대문화상징의 응용에 관한 내용)

  • Tao, Duan
    • Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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    • v.13 no.5
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    • pp.83-89
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    • 2019
  • Zhang yimou's film "the shadow" adopts a lot of modern literary symbolic content in the story structure. The novel has been greatly modified, abandoning the setting of the original work and making up the historical background of the story, thus completing the discourse practice of aerial literature rather than historical literature. The film expresses the historical story poetically and even writes the personal mind. In this way, the audience's sense of substitution is increased, and a large number of traditional Chinese cultural symbols are adopted visually. In terms of clothing, the most traditional is sought, which advocates loyalty to history, and adds cultural connotation and depth. The audience can feel the bold and unfettered artistic creation spirit of the main creator, as well as the novel and unique visual expression style, which makes his works have both traditional visual perception and modern story content. The combination of traditional vision and modern drama forms a new visual and cultural experience.

Analysis of the Algebraic Thinking Factors and Search for the Direction of Its Learning and Teaching (대수의 사고 요소 분석 및 학습-지도 방안의 탐색)

  • Woo, Jeong-Ho;Kim, Sung-Joon
    • Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.453-475
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    • 2007
  • School algebra starts with introducing algebraic expressions which have been one of the cognitive obstacles to the students in the transfer from arithmetic to algebra. In the recent studies on the teaching school algebra, algebraic thinking is getting much more attention together with algebraic expressions. In this paper, we examined the processes of the transfer from arithmetic to algebra and ways for teaching early algebra through algebraic thinking factors. Issues about algebraic thinking have continued since 1980's. But the theoretic foundations for algebraic thinking have not been founded in the previous studies. In this paper, we analyzed the algebraic thinking in school algebra from historico-genetic, epistemological, and symbolic-linguistic points of view, and identified algebraic thinking factors, i.e. the principle of permanence of formal laws, the concept of variable, quantitative reasoning, algebraic interpretation - constructing algebraic expressions, trans formational reasoning - changing algebraic expressions, operational senses - operating algebraic expressions, substitution, etc. We also identified these algebraic thinking factors through analyzing mathematics textbooks of elementary and middle school, and showed the middle school students' low achievement relating to these factors through the algebraic thinking ability test. Based upon these analyses, we argued that the readiness for algebra learning should be made through the processes including algebraic thinking factors in the elementary school and that the transfer from arithmetic to algebra should be accomplished naturally through the pre-algebra course. And we searched for alternative ways to improve algebra curriculums, emphasizing algebraic thinking factors. In summary, we identified the problems of school algebra relating to the transfer from arithmetic to algebra with the problem of teaching algebraic thinking and analyzed the algebraic thinking factors of school algebra, and searched for alternative ways for improving the transfer from arithmetic to algebra and the teaching of early algebra.

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The Unconstitutionality of the Disposition Suspending Medical Care Benefits under the National Health Insurance Act (국민건강보험법상 급여정지 처분의 위법성)

  • Park, Sungmin;Woo, Meehyung
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.3-36
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    • 2022
  • In order to solve the pharmaceutical kickback problem, it is needed to establish legal system that allow ways to enable pharmaceutical promotion of medicines without kickbacks as well as provide sanction those who commit illegal act. Before the National Assembly and the government focused on strengthening sanctions. As a result, in 2014, a system of suspending medical care benefits was introduced, which could inflict heavy losses on pharmaceutical companies by withdrawing target medicines from the market. However, three years after the introduction, the system was abolished in 2018, recognizing the problem that the disposition could infringe on the patients' right to access to and choice of medicines. In 2021, the National Assembly made it possible for dispositions suspending medical care benefits regarding the third violation, which remained symbolic until then, replaced with administrative fines. Although the legislator's reflective stance on the system is more than clear, the Ministry of Health and Welfare still interprets that the old law should be applied to kickbacks for the period of the law. Moreover, regarding the substitution of fines at the discretion of the Minister of Health and Welfare under the old law, the narrow standards taken under the old law seems to be maintained. In this paper, firstly pharmaceutical kickback issue, the main reason for the introduction of the system, will be explained, after that the history of introduction and abolition of the system examined and last but not least the unconstitutionality of the system and the illegality of the disposition are to be examined.

Interpretation on the Formative Design for Garden Pond of Hwaseol-dang in Muan (무안 화설당(花雪堂) 지당(池塘)의 조형디자인적 해석(解釋))

  • Rho, Jae-Hyun;Lee, Hyun-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2015
  • This study sheds light on a pond design process which is a core facility of Hwaseol-dang in Muan, the Jeonnam. The plasticity of the pond was analyzed and interpreted for the design process using methods such as "literature search, interview, site visits, aerial pictures, aerial photographing, drawing figures of configuration plane via measurements, internet search, etc.", to trace the developing process of the design and the implications therein. The study results being centered on the developing process of the pond design are summarized herein below. The position of the Hwaseol-dang, being formed on a low hill having low competence as a place for a pavilion, draws more attention regarding its implications from the aspect of inner design. The pond Hwaseol-dang is in a rectangular shape of 1 : 1.2 ratio, in which the depth is a bit higher on the pond edge of the Hwaseol-dang thus being slanted, and Crape Myrtle, which is not known whether introduced during the formation of the pond, is cultivated on the island in the center widespread toward the southeast region. The planar design of the pond is interpreted as "rectangular pond" but it has a smooth half-moon shape where a part is excluded to remove edge. In particular, the three islands in rectangular pond, due to the narrow area, put one island and two half-moon-shaped islands in juxtaposition, and thus, although only being one island, resultantly exhibits the existence effect of proliferated three islands. This is allegedly due to the intentional formation aiming at the effect of hybrid while minimizing the overlap due to merging and adding from the aspect of constituting a design. Furthermore, the pond Hwaseol-dang is extended northwest along with Hwaseol-dang, and also the island in the center is thought to additionally have one or two, but the widespread phenomenon of the island in the center appears to consider the effect of "sit view on the floor of the pavilion of Hwaseol-dang". Considering that even a few examples of ponds having the three islands among the private house gardens in the nation are all curved ponds, the characteristics of the rectangular Hwaseol-dang pond establishing the garden effect of the three islands by modifying the one island in rectangular pond is highly notable. Considering that the three islands of "Yeongju, Bangjang, and Bongrae" is the original shape of the pond garden gestating Taoist ideology, as a symbolic design of a pond, it is regarded as the characteristics of the pond shape in Jeonnam area, and the so-called three treasures "Hwaseol-dang, Camellia, and oddly shaped stones, etc." are concentrated as the symbolism of Hwaseol-dang pond.