• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

Purpose: Major trauma patients should be transferred to a definitive care facility as early as possible because prompt management will prevent death. This study was designed to discover the obstacles leading to delayed transfers under the current emergency medical system in Korea and whether there are any negative outcomes associated with conducting procedures at primary care hospitals prior to transferring patients to higher levels of care. Methods: The medical records of major trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score above 15 within the past year were reviewed. Patients were divided three groups as follows: (A) came directly to our emergency center, (B) were transferred without CT or MRI scan at the primary care hospital and (C) transferred with CT or MRI scans. The transfer time of each group were compared and analyzed statistically. Additionally, the number and type of imaging performed at the primary care hospital were analyzed. Results: All qualified patients (n=276) were enrolled in this study: 121 patients in group A; 104 in group B; 51 in group C. There was a statistically significant difference in the transfer time between the three groups (p-value<0.001), and 79 (28.6%) were transferred to an emergency medical center within one hour. In group C, CT or MRI scans were performed an average of 1.86 times at the primary care hospital, and the median transfer time was 4 hours 5 minutes. Conclusion: Only 28.6% of the cases in the study arrived within the golden hour at a definitive care facility. Such delays are in part the result of prolonged times at the primary care hospital for radiologic examinations, such as CT or MRI scans. Major multiple trauma patients should be transferred to a definitive care facility directly or as soon as the primary survey and the resuscitation of Advanced Trauma Life Support guideline are completed at the primary care hospital.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.78-92
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• 2017

Environmental impact assessment(EIA) on the construction and operation of thermal power plant(TPP) is aimed at promoting sustainable coastal development by clearly identifying the marine physics and organisms effects of the project on the surrounding marine environment and minimizing its impact. The primary purpose of this study is to establish EIA guidelines for TPP in order to assess how TPP construction projects influence marine environment and to establish the mitigaion plans of environmental impacts. Through this study, scientific and efficient EIA guidelines for the marine environments were established by a specialist forum consisted of officials from the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, personnel from five public corporations in charge of TPPs and marine environment experts. In the study, fifteen EIA reports (2009~2015) on TPPs submitted were analyzed to identify the shortcomings of current assessment items on marine environment and to collect a wide range of information including EIA report formulation regulations, domestic and overseas environmental survey guidelines and EIA review comments on TPPs. Based on the findings, a specialist forum put together EIA guidelines for TPP construction projects.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.14-22
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• 2012

In regards to museum planning of Korea, it is mainly depending on overseas cases and relevant domestic books without systematic guideline on the space programme in a museum. Therefore, it is urgently required to establish systematic index as it is incapable of proposing detailed analysis and index in accordance with each element. As various problems occurred due to above reason, total floor area of museum was divided by the area of exhibition section, storage section, research section, and public & other area and its ratio was calculated for statistics targeting 614 museums built after 1990's when many public museums were built with the settlement of local self-governing system and the type of museums was diversified. It was again classified into 4 elements of period, region, scale, and type and then the influence of each element on each section of museum was understood through integrated analysis. First, looking into the space programme in regards to total floor area, the floor area ratio of exhibition section, storage section, and research section decreased and the floor area ratio of public & other area increased with the increase in total floor area. It was because not only rest area but also a space to enjoy various cultures, gaining new experience, and accumulate knowledge is located in public & other area. Second, it was revealed that the ratio of exhibition section and storage section has been decreasing since 1990's and ratio of research section and public & other area has been increasing as they can play various roles such as the education and convenience to satisfy cultural desires of visitor in accordance with current trend. Third, it was proved that floor area ratio of exhibition section is lower than storage section in museums located in highly urbanized region. In addition to this, it was revealed that the floor area ratio of research section is in proportion to the population density. As a result of study, significant relation was displayed in scale, era, and region among 4 elements thus it could be utilized as reference for the space programme of domestic museum planning in the future.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2431-2440
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• 2015

Background: Registry data from four major public hospitals indicate trends in clinical care and survival from colorectal cancer over three decades, from 1980 to 2010. Materials and Methods: Kaplan-Meier productlimit estimates and Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate disease-specific survival and multiple logistic regression analyses to explore first-round treatment trends. Results: Five-year survivals increased from 48% for 1980-1986 to 63% for 2005-2010 diagnoses. Survival increases applied to each ACPS stage (Australian Clinico-Pathological Stage), and particularly stage C (an increase from 38% to 68%). Risk of death from colorectal cancer halved (hazards ratio: 0.50 (0.45, 0.56)) over the study period after adjusting for age, sex, stage, differentiation, primary sub-site, health administrative region, and measures of socioeconomic status and geographic remoteness. Decreases in stage were not observed. Survivals did not vary by sex or place of residence, suggesting reasonable equity in service access and outcomes. Of staged cases, 91% were treated surgically with lower surgical rates for older ages and more advanced stage. Proportions of surgical cases having adjuvant therapy during primary courses of treatment increased for all stages and were highest for stage C (an increase from 5% in 1980-1986 to 63% for 2005-2010). Radiotherapy was more common for rectal than colonic cases. Proportions of rectal cases receiving radiotherapy increased, particularly for stage C where the increase was from 8% in 1980-1986 to 60% in 2005-2010. The percentage of stage C colorectal cases less than 70 years of age having systemic therapy as part of their first treatment round increased from 3% in 1980-1986 to 81% by 1995-2010. Based on survey data on uptake of adjuvant therapy among those offered this care, it is likely that all these younger patients were offered systemic treatment. Conclusions: We conclude that pronounced increases in survivals from colorectal cancer have occurred at major public hospitals in South Australia due to increases in stage-specific survivals. Use of adjuvant therapies has increased and the patterns of change accord with clinical guideline recommendations. Reasons for sub-optimal use of radiotherapy for rectal cases warrant further investigation, including the potential for limited rural access to impede uptake of treatments at metropolitan-based radiotherapy centres.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.550-558
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• 2014

The purposes of the study are to introduce and apply an activity that can help improve student-initiated learning on the TOEIC Speaking Test (TOEICST) performance and to see students' attitude toward the activity. Twenty-eight university students in Chungcheong province engaged in learning based on this activity. In the present study, the activity proposed by McCormick and Vercellotti (2013) and Stillwell, Curabba, Alexander, Kidd, Kim, Stone, & Wyle (2010) was modified and adapted[14][19]. The outline of the Task Recording Activity (TRA) consisted of three steps: preparation step, Task Recording Activity step, and evaluation step. As data collection of the study, a survey and students' journal were utilized and qualitatively analyzed. The results showed that student-initiated learning activity could be applied positively not only in communicative lessons, but in TOEICST specific lessons as well. Additionally, participants showed positive attitudes toward self-transcription and self-correction. Some implications of the study are that the TRA can be applied to generate autonomous learners studying for the TOEIC Speaking Test, that the guideline for different proficiency can be developed to help them improve their self-reflection, and that students need to have an active attitude to lead their own learning.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2015

Purpose: Confronting the growing burden of dementia requires understanding the causes and predictors of dementia in order to develop preventive strategies. In Korea a large proportion (71%) of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, and the risk factors have not yet been elucidated. Dietary factors may be possible risk factors, however research on the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and dietary behaviors has been insufficient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between compliance with the "Dietary Guidelines for Elderly (The Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2011)" and Alzheimer's disease among Korean elderly. Methods: Elderly persons who visited a University hospital or a dementia center of Seoul and agreed to participate in the examinations were selected. Among 277 subjects, 89 Alzheimer patients were selected with diagnosis and 118 subjects were assigned to the control group. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was based on Alzheimer's disease criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and criteria of National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA). Information on the general characteristics, health related behaviors and compliance with the dietary guidelines for Korean elderly was collected by face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured during the survey. Results: Total compliance score of dietary guidelines was significantly lower in the Alzheimer's disease group than in the control group (p = 0.0001). The odds ratio of Alzheimer's disease was significantly decreased in the group with the highest dietary guideline compliance score (OR = 0.47, 95 % CI = 0.18~1.09) compared to the group with the lowest compliance score. Conclusion: The results indicate that increasing compliance with the dietary guidelines could be an effective strategy to decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease among Korean elderly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.297-307
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• 2016

This study aims to carry out empirical analysis on the effect of care workers' awareness of professionalism on the service quality, and to provide policy level and action oriented recommendations for the improvement of care workers' awareness of professionalism and service quality based on the key findings. The study targeted care workers who work at the senior citizen care take centers at the S and Y cities in the Jeollanam-do Province, carrying out survey research. A total of 190 questionnaires among the collected questionnaires were used for the analysis. Key research methods included factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistic analysis, correlation analysis, t/F-verification and regression analysis. The following are the results. First, conviction of the care workers' awareness of professionalism towards public service and the empathy of service quality were manifested at the highest level. Second, there was a difference in the service quality according to the care workers' experience. Third, care workers' awareness of professionalism affected service quality while service quality increased as the awareness of professionalism increased. The research results were utilized to recommend the need to develop and to disseminate structured education program for the care workers, to set the guideline for the care workers' employment form and salary, and to develop structure for the care workers' ethics.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2013

In this study, non-point source(NPS) contribution was investigated based on flow rates and water qualities of streams into the lake during rainfall events. Event mean concentration(EMC) and the pollution loads were calculated to establish a database for NPS control measurement in the survey area, and so on. The runoff characteristics of NPS were investigated and estimated on the basis of the ratio of an agricultural to forest area in the stream of sub-catch basin during rainfall events. Non-point source pollution loads were also calculated to establish a database for NPS control measure in the upstream lake Chinyang. At a rainfall event, BOD concentrations rise sharply at the early peak time of runoff, however, peaks of TSS concentration were observed at the similar time of peak flow. This was a phenomenon shown at the watersheds caused by forest and geological types. The discharged EMC range was 2.9-4.8 mg/L in terms of BOD. The discharged EMC range was 6.2-8.2 mg/L in terms of SS. The discharged EMCs of T-N and T-P were 1.4-2.5 mg/L and 0.059-0.233 mg/L, respectively. Total BOD loading rate through the 3 tributaries to the lake Chinyang was 1,136 kg/d during dry weather. The upper watershed area of the Nam-river dam in this study was divided into 14 catchment basins based on the Korean guideline for total maximum daily load(TMDL) of water quality pollutants. The higher the agricultural land-use ratio, the more NPS loading rate discharged, but the more occupied a forest area, the lower more NPS loading rate discharged. In an agricultural land-use area more than 20%, the increase of NPS loadings might be dramatically diffused by increasing the integrated complex-use like vinyl-house facilities and fertilizer use etc. according to the effective land-use utilization. The NPS loading rates were BOD 0.3 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$, SS 0.21 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$, TN 0.02 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$, TP 0.005 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ under less than 10% agricultural land-use. In agricultural land-use of 20%-50%, these values were investigated in the range of 0.32 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-0.73 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ for BOD, 0.92 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-3.32 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ for SS, 0.70 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-0.90 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ TN, 0.03 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$-0.044 $kg/ha{\cdot}day$ for TP.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.14-26
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• 2018

Light has been an essential part of human life. The advancement of technology has changed cities' nightscape and night activities in a drastic way. Lighting has influenced the identity of a city while promoting a variety of civic nighttime cultural pursuits, yet lighting design has not been considered adequately in the field of landscape architecture. This study aims to analyze the current status of lighting in urban parks through interviews with professionals, literature and regulation reviews, analysis of design documents and a field survey focused on Yeouido Park in Seoul. The findings and improvement directions are as follows. First, it is necessary to develop a specific lighting design method in order to avoid a marginalized, passive approach such as light fixture installation. Second, the existing standards of illuminance by KS A 3011 regulating only horizontal illuminance has turned out not to evaluate the current nightscape of urban parks properly. Therefore the criteria and guideline for analysis and design for nightscape should be articulated. Third, there are no design or management strategies to consider the changing landscape of urban parks, which is necessary due to the changing characteristics of park ecosystems. Lastly, detailed guidelines for distinguished spaces in urban parks should be studied and suggested.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-106
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the association between process quality of inpatient care and risk-adjusted, thirty-day potentially preventable hospital readmission (PPR) rates. Data Sources/Study Setting: This was an observational cross-sectional study of nonfederal acute-care hospitals located in two states California and Florida, discharging Medicare patients with a principal discharge diagnosis of heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia January through December 31, 2007. Data were obtained from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare database, and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals. Study Design: The dependent variable of this study is condition-specific, risk-adjusted, thirty-day potentially preventable hospital readmission (PPR). 3M's PPR software was utilized to determine whether a readmission was potentially preventable. The independent variable of this study is hospital performance for process quality of inpatient care, measured by hospital adherence to recommended processes of care. We used multivariate hierarchical logistic models, clustered by hospitals, to examine the relationship between condition-specific, risk-adjusted, thirty-day PPR rates and process quality of inpatient care, after taking clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of patients and structural and operational characteristics of hospitals into account. Findings: Better performance on the process quality metrics was associated with better patient outcome (i.e., low thirty-day PPR rates) in pneumonia, but not generally in two cardiovascular conditions (i.e., heart failure and acute myocardial infarction). Practical Implication: Adherence to the process quality metrics currently in use by CMS is associated with risk-adjusted, thirty-day PPR rates for patients with pneumonia, but not with cardiovascular conditions. More evidence-based process quality metrics closely linked to 30-day PPR rates, particularly for cardiovascular conditions, need to be developed to serve as a guideline to reduce potentially preventable readmissions.