• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.377-385
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• 2013

We consider a compound Poisson risk model in which the premium rate changes when the surplus exceeds a threshold. The explicit form of the ruin probability for the risk model is obtained by deriving and using the overflow probability of the workload process in the corresponding M/G/1 queueing model.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.241-251
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• 2005

There has been an enormous increasing trend of widening gap of social inequalities since economic crisis at the end of 1997 in Korea. Since then, Korean society has deteriorated in economic and social conditions; the unemployment rate, temporary or casual workers and absolute poverty have increased. This paper presents the origin of inequalities in work and health in Korea. The origin of inequalities in work begins with the relationship between the capitalist and labourers in the capitalist mode of production. The conception and execution are dissolved in the work process in the capitalist mode of production. Thus, captitalists become control over ther labour process from workers. An alienation of the work process from the workers. The distribution of work is the majour source if inequalities in many countries as well as Korea. This paper presents the increasing tendency of unhealthy states such as mortality, early death, morbidity, physical work load, workplace injury amongst the under-privileged: ordinary workers, unemployed people, casual workers and socially deprived people in Korea.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.546-555
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• 2017

The Nutrient budget is one of the agricultural-environment indicators of OECD. A nutrient budget measures the surplus as the differential between the inputs and the outputs of within a certain boundary and within a specified period of time (i.e. one year). According to OECD, the annual nitrogen budget for Korea was $245kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014, which corresponds to the first position among OECD countries. In Korea in 2014, about 90 % of livestock excreta was composted as solid and liquid manure, which are usually and customarily spread on agricultural land. The objectives of this study are intended to suggest methodology of the regional nitrogen budget as a nitrogen management tool, which considers conversion from raw excreta to composted manures based on the methodology of OECD/Eurostat, and application of the new method in an agricultural region of Korea. As a result, the calculated excess rate of hydrospheric nitrogen surplus was $251kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ (in the region in 2014), which indicates the presence of potential risks emanating from excessive nitrogen, with regard to both export water and soil environments. The findings also assert that this was shown to be one of the most important elements in the nitrogen budget, which translates to the actual amounts of nitrogen lost during the solid composting process. To better understand the process and the reliability of the method, it is necessary to analyze the sensitivity of the relevant co-efficients used in the method in the near future.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.925-933
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• 2020

This study is aimed to compare stock assessment models which are effective in assessing red snow crab Chinonoecetes japonicus resources and to select and apply an effective stock assessment model in the future. In order to select an effective stock assessment model, a process-error model, observation-error model, and a Bayesian state-space model were estimated. Analytical results show that the least error is observed between the estimated CPUE (catch per unit effort) and the observed CPUE when using the Bayesian state-space model. For the Bayesian state-space model, the 95% credible interval(CI) ranges for the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), carrying capacity (K), catchability coefficient (q), and intrinsic growth (r) are estimated to be 10,420-47,200 tons, 185,200-444,800 tons, 3.81E-06-9.02E-06, and 0.14-0.66, respectively. The results show that the Bayesian state-space model was most reliable among models.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.53-74
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• 1991

Interest on ocean environment has increased with the development of industrialized activities. Public marine resorces are defined broadly to include fish stocks, beaches, marine waters, recreational fishing, biota, waterfowls, shorebirds, seabirds and marine mammals But, it is not easy to analyze compensation for injury to publicly owned marine resources because the claimants do not exist clearly and the economic methodology of damage on public goods is not developed fully. This paper introduces basic idea of welfare economic theory and environmental legislation to the research question : How the economics and law can be applied to the case of damage on publicly owned marine resource. The paper discusses the concepts of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). It is accepted generally that WTA is correct concept of welfare change in the case of damaged public goods. Four methods (compensating variation, equivalent variation, compensating surplus, equivalent surplus of measuring welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes caused by environmental damage. Vartia (1983) showed CV could be measured from the ordinary demand function using the differential equations. This paper also provides an overview of the emerging U.S. and Korea legal system for compensation for natural resource damages, with particular emphasis on U.S. legal system under Comprehensive Environmen-tal Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). These regulations are to include two different types of standardized procedures for assessing natural resources injury : Type A or simplified assessment techniques for small releases ; and Type B protocols that would include detailed and extensive assessment methodologies for major releases. Type A procedures are specified by Natural Resources Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environment (NRDAM/CME) of the U.S. CERCLA provides a legal 'legitimization for the use of economic-based nonmarket valuation in the courts and have introduced appropriate and accurate nonmarket valuation methods based on willingness to-pay for damage assessment. By briefly reviewing economic theory and environmental legislation, we hope to help provide a better understanding of the compensation process and the economics of publicly owned marine resources in the U.S. and to integrate the economics and law of natural resources valuation into a single comprehensive package in Korea.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2017

우리나라는 천연 자원이 부족하지만 우수한 기술과 인력을 가지고 있어 무역이 필요한 나라이다. 무역수지는 '해외 여러 나라와 다양한 상품과 서비스를 사고파는 과정에서 발생하는 차익'을 의미한다. 우리나라의 수출액이 수입액 보다 더 많으면 무역수지 흑자라 부른다. 본 연구의 목적은 우리나라와 무역 규모가 많은 미국, 중국, 일본, 영국을 대상으로 지난 210개월 동안 수출액과 수입액의 동향과 향후 방향성을 찾아보고자 한다. 지난 2000년도 이후 중국의 수출 증가율이 800%를 넘으며 가장 크게 증가하였으나 미국과 일본의 경우는 큰 변화 없이 200% 전후로 꾸준한 증가율을 보여주고 있다. 향후 우리나라가 무역수지 흑자를 위해 수출액을 증가시키기 위해서는 미국이나 일본과의 수출액 증가는 물론이고 중국과의 수출액 증가가 매우 중요해 보인다. 지난 2014년 이후 대중국 자동차완성업체의 수출액 감소로 인해 상승률이 소폭감소세를 보이고 있어 이에 대비하는 수출 전략이 필요해 보인다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2006

Korea dairy industry has a long and chronic problems to consume raw milk , those are surplus milk and decline the market milk consumption continued about 10 years. This study was aim to propose and to find the solution for dairy industry problems. After WTO system, with the importation of dairy products, domestic milk production has fell into the situation of excess supply and huge inventory of dried milk, the milk powder stocks have increased since 2002. That made a chronic decline milk consumption in Korea. The core of chronic problem of Korea dairy industry is the decreasing in market milk consumption. If they have a settlement of any other way using their raw milk to process and consumption to market milk, there will be a solution to solve the chronic problems in this situation. Especially, that will be a development of small farm scale natural cheese production and consume. This may be lead a situation of increase the raw milk consumption, because natural cheese making needs much of raw milk more than market milk. But there are very low technical level of farmers cheese making status, so they need a cheese making educational program for their commercial level of cheese products. Under these situation, there are needed a way out of educational system for the dairy farmers to obtain the high level of cheese making technology from the trustable and scientific organization. The natural cheese making technique of dairy farmers should be accumulated to get the consumers' solid recognition of high quality of natural cheese as LOHAS(Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability) foods.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.27-51
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• 2012

신고전주의 학자들은 한국의 산업화 과정이 '노동잉여' 모델에 따르고 있다고 주장해 왔다. 이 모델은 개발도상국들의 경제발전은 무한한 값 싼 노동력이 제조업 부문으로 이전되면서 진행되고, 따라서 산업화의 성공을 위해서는 노동집약적 기술이 사용되어야 한다는 점을 강조하고 있다. Fei와 Ranis는 일본의 초기 산업화 단계(1887-1915)에서 일본이 노동집약적 기술을 사용하였고 이는 일본의 경제발전을 이끌었다고 주장한다. 이에 본 논문은 한국 산업화 과정이 과연 이 모델에 기인하고 있는 지를 밝히고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 이의 검증을 위하여 Kelly와 Williamson이 고안한 신고전주의 이중모델의 기본 틀이 사용되었다. 이 모델 하에서 연산일반균형 (CGE) 방식을 통해 한국 산업화 기간 중 (1965-1992) 추정된 주요 경제변수와 실제 역사적 수치를 비교해 보았다. 검증 결과 두 수치 간에 큰 차이가 나타남을 확인하였는바 따라서 한국의 산업화 과정은 시장의 힘에 기초한 비교우위 생성의 결과라는 신고전주의 가설이 적용되지 않는다는 결론에 이르게 되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.62-75
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• 2000

Most of biological treatment to remove contaminants in municipal wastewater have been conducted by activated sludge process. But, the process have several probIems such as enormous site needed for construction of treatment facilities, unstable treatment due to limited ability to control load fluctuation, frequent sludge bulking and appearance of lots of surplus sludge. In this study, the experiments were performed through submerging biofilm of PEPP media in existing aeration tank with raw water from municipal wastewater treatment plant and then submerging PVDC and PEPP media, different from shape and chemical peculiarity in anoxic reactor. Throughout the experience, nutrient removal efficiency according to HRT, nitrogen phosphorous removal efficiency, behavior of nitrogen and dewatering efficiency have been compared and analysed with those of activated sludge process. As the results, BOD removal efficiency according to BOD volumetric load and F/M ratio was not found any differency in two processes, but was decreased below 90% as going along the condition of high load in activated sludge process. Kinetic coefficient was $K_{max}=1.162day^{-1}$, $K_s=53.77mg/L$, $Y=0.166mgVSS/mgBOD_{rem}$. and $K_d=0.019day^{-1}$. It was found that the removal efficiency, even though in aerobic condition, in biofilm process equipped anoxic reactor was higher than the one in activated sludge process within the range of 70~80%, and became better as HRT increased. Phosphorous removal efficiency was not found any differency in two processes. In biofilm process, treament efficiency even in conditions of high load was not decreased, because the biomass concentration could be maintained in high condition compared with activated sludge process. As HRT increased, suspended and attached biomass was increased and the other hand, F/M ratio was decreased as biomass' increasing. Biomass thickness was increased. from $10.43{\mu}m$ to $10.55{\mu}m$ as HRT increased and density of biomass within $40.79{\sim}41.16mg/cm^2$. The results also present that the dewatering efficiency of sludge generated in biofilm process was higher than in activated sludge process, and became better as HRT increased.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 2009

This paper compares the accounting standards for stock option of Japan and Korea. Especially, tire setting process of accounting standards for stock option, accounting methods and disclosures for stock option in two countries are analyzed. The results provide that two countries shaw different characteristics in accounting standards for stock option. First, in Japan, acquired services are reported as compensation costs and capital adjustments. On the other hand, in Korea, in case of cash-settled share- based payment transactions, acquired services are reported as compensation costs and capital adjustments, but in case of equity-settled share- based payment transactions, acquired services are reported as compensation costs and debt. Second, when tire stock option rights are abandoned, they are reported as extraordinary items in Japan and are reported as other surplus in Korea. Third, though both countries do not choose specific stock option pricing model, Japan prefers Black-Sholes Model and Korea regards binomial model as proper model.