• 제목/요약/키워드: surface pH

검색결과 3,844건 처리시간 0.039초

망간 산화물에 의한 3가 크롬의 산화 (Kinetics of Chromium(III) Oxidation by Various Manganess Oxides)

  • 정종배;;임선옥
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제37권5호
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    • pp.414-420
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    • 1994
  • 망간 산화물 birnessite, pyrolusite, hausmannite의 표면에서 일어나는 3가 크롬의 산화현상을 조사하였다. 이들은 zero point of charge, 표면적, 그리고 결정도 등에서 차이가 많은데, 크롬 산화현상은 모두 1차 반응이었으며 반응용액의 pH 및 최초 3가 크롬농도가 반응에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 일반적으로 hausmannite에 의한 산화가 가장 빨랐으며 pyrolusite에 의한 산화는 상대적으로 매우 느렸다. 용액 pH와 최초 3가 크롬농도의 상호 작용이 전체 반응속도를 조절하는 것 같으며 pH가 높고 3가 크롬농도가 높을 경우 망간산화물 표면에 3가 크롬 침전되거나 complex를 형성할 수 있을 것이다. Birnessite와 hausmannite에서는 $pH\;3.0{\sim}5.0$ 범위에서 pH가 낮을수록 산화력이 높았으나 pyrolusite의 경우에는 pH가 높을수록 산화력이 증가하였다. 반응속도는 온도에 또한 민감했다. pH 3.0에서의 산화반응의 activation energies는 일반적으로 diffusion에 필요한 activation energy보다 크게 나타났으나 반응속도를 결정하는 단계가 무엇인지는 확실하지 않다.

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Effect of bath conditions and pulse parameters on tin surface finish for microelectronic packaging applications

  • Sharma, Ashutosh;Jung, Do-hyun;Jung, Jae-pil
    • 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국표면공학회 2015년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.232-233
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    • 2015
  • The effects of various bath conditions such as surfactant concentration, bath pH, bath temperature, agitation of bath; as well as pulse parameters such as cathodic current density, pulse duty cycle and frequency, on the grain size, surface finish, and appearance of the tin plated coatings have been investigated. The plating bath under investigation is an aqueous acidic solution composed of a mixture of $SnSO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, and a surfactant. The bath conductivity and pH are measured by a glass pH electrode. The microstructure of the coatings produced is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface profilometry. XRD analysis shows that the deposits consist of tetragonal ${\beta}$-Sn crystal structure irrespective of plating conditions. The mechanism involved in the morphology evolution in response to various parameters and conditions has also been discussed.

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Sorption of Chromium Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Chemically Activated Carbons Developed from Maize Cobs

  • Youssef, A.M.;El-Nabarawy, Th.;Shouman, Mona A.;Khedr, S.A.
    • Carbon letters
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    • 제9권4호
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    • pp.275-282
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    • 2008
  • Chemically activated carbons were prepared from maize cobs, using phosphoric acid of variable concentration. The textural parameters of the activated carbons were determined from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured at 77 K. The chemistry of the carbon surface was determined by measuring the surface pH, the pHPZC and the concentration of the carbon - oxygen groups of the acid type on the carbon surface. Kinetics of Cr(VI) sorption/reduction was investigated at 303 K. Two processes were investigated in terms of kinetics and equilibrium namely; Cr(VI) removal and chromium sorption were studied at various initial pH (1-7). Removal of Cr(VI) shows a maximum at pH 2.5. At pH<2.5, sorption decreases because of the proton competition with evolved Cr(III) for ion exchange sites. The decrease of sorption at pH>2.5 is due to proton insufficiency and to the decrease of the extent of Cr(VI) reduction. The chemistry of the surface of activated carbon is an important factor in determining its adsorption capacity from aqueous solutions particularly when the sorption process involves ion exchange.

A Response Surface Model Based on Absorbance Data for the Growth Rates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium as a Function of Temperature, NaCl, and pH

  • Park, Shin-Young;Seo, Kyo-Young;Ha, Sang-Do
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.644-649
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    • 2007
  • Response surface model was developed for predicting the growth rates of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium in tryptic soy broth (TSB) medium as a function of combined effects of temperature, pH, and NaCl. The TSB containing six different concentrations of NaCl (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) was adjusted to an initial of six different pH levels (pH 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) and incubated at 10 or $20^{\circ}C$. In all experimental variables, the primary growth curves were well $(r^2=0.900\;to\;0.996)$ fitted to a Gompertz equation to obtain growth rates. The secondary response surface model for natural logarithm transformations of growth rates as a function of combined effects of temperature, pH, and NaCl was obtained by SAS's general linear analysis. The predicted growth rates of the S. Typhimurium were generally decreased by basic (9, 10) or acidic (5, 6) pH levels or increase of NaCl concentrations (0-8%). Response surface model was identified as an appropriate secondary model for growth rates on the basis of coefficient determination $(r^2=0.960)$, mean square error (MSE=0.022), bias factor $(B_f=1.023)$, and accuracy factor $(A_f=1.164)$. Therefore, the developed secondary model proved reliable predictions of the combined effect of temperature, NaCl, and pH on growth rates for S. Typhimurium in TSB medium.

CO2 가스의 존재 여부와 용액의 pH가 Silica/Pb(II) 용액 계면에서 Silica 표면의 특성에 미치는 영향 (Effects of pH and the Existence of CO2 Gas on the Silica Surface Characteristics at Silica/Pb(II) Solution Interface)

  • 이상은
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제36권5호
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    • pp.263-271
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    • 2003
  • $CO_2$ 가스 존재여부와 pH가 Pb(II)와 sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS, $C_{12}H_{25}SO_3Na$) 흡착에 따른 silca 표면의 특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 contact angle 과 AFM을 이용한 힘 측정을 통하여 살펴보았다. 대기와 접촉하여 $CO_2$가 용해되는 조건에서 Pb와 SDS가 $10^{-4}M$ 씩 들어 있는 혼합용액을 처리하였을 때, fused silica 표면의 contact angle은 $PbCO_3$의 침전 때문에 최대 $46^{\circ}$로 낮았다. 반면에 $N_2$ 개스를 불어넣는 $CO_2$ 부재조건에서는 $PbCO_3$의 침전이 없었기 때문에 contact angle이 최대 $90^{\circ}$로 크게 증가되었다. $CO_2$ 부재조건에서 pH에 따른 contact angle과 AFM에서 측정한 점착력($F_{ad}$) 변화 양상은 $PbOH^+$ 화학종 분포와 유사하였으므로, Pb(II)의 silica 표면 흡착형태는 $PbOH^+$ 로 판단되었다. 한편 contact angle 과 AFM 측정결과 모두 Pb 단독처리에서 소수성을 발현하였다. 이 결과는 현재까지의 알려진 이론으로 설명할 수 없었으며 이를 위하여 원자수준에서의 심도 깊은 연구가 필요하다고 판단되었다.

일부 경작지 토양의 표면전하 특성에 미치는 점토광물, 유기물 및 지표이온의 영향 (Effects of Soil Component and Index ion on the Surface Charge Characteristics of some Korean arable soils)

  • 옥용식;최유석;이상은;임수길;정남현;김정규
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.237-244
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    • 2001
  • 토양의 하전특성을 평가하는 데 이용되는 이온흡착법에서 지표이온이 달라졌을 때 측정되는 표면전하량의 차이를 파악하기 위하여, 화강암을 모재로 하는 논토양(지산통, 사촌통)과 밭토양(상주통, 백산통)에 $Na^+$$K^+$ 이온을 지표이온으로 하는 이온흡착법을 적용하였다. 표면 음전하는 모든 pH에서 직선적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 표면 양전하는 pH6 이하에서만 미량으로 발현되고 중성 이상에서는 거의 발현되지 않았다. 또, NaCl이 지표이온종인 경우 KCl을 사용하여 측정한 표면전하량에 비해 측정된 모든 pH 범위에서 상대적으로 낮은 전하밀도값을 나타내었다. 이러한 차이는 지표이온종의 수화반경에 따른 표면 흡착강도 차에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 지산, 사촌, 백산통의 표면전하량은 pH에 따라 $0.21{\sim}9.01cmol_c{\cdot}kg^{-1}$의 범위 내에 존재하였으며, 통일한 pH에서는 백산통의 표면전하 밀도가 다른 토양에 비하여 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 분석된 토양의 pH 변화에 따른 전하변화량(dCEC/dpH)은 가변전하를 발현시키는 토양구성물 중 유기물에 의하여 가장 크게 변화하는 것으로 나타났다.

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포장김치의 저장성에 미치는 폴리에틸렌 필름의 표면처리 효과 (Effects of Surface Treatment with Polyethylene Film on Shelf-life of Packaged Kimchi)

  • 이명예;김미경;김순동
    • 한국식품저장유통학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.136-141
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    • 2003
  • 포장김치의 표면처리가 김치의 pH, 산도, 총균수, 젖산균수, 표면갈변도 및 이미, 이취발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 표면처리는 포장김치표면에 70% 에탄올을 1회 분무한것과 김치표면에 PE-film(두께 0.04mm)을 부착한 것으로 나누어 행하였으며, 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 저장하였다. 무처리와 에탄올을 분무한 경우는 저장 15째에 pH가 4.0수준에 도달하였으나 PE-film을 처리한 경우는 21일째까지도 pH가 4.0 이상을 유지하였다. 산도의 경우도 pH와 동일한 경향을 나타내어 PE-film을 처리함으로서 김치의 숙성이 지연되었다. PE-film처리군의 총균수는 무처리와 에탄을 처리군에 비하여 현저하게 낮았으나 젖산균수는 오히려 높았다. 무처리와 에탄올 처리구간의 차이는 거의 없었다. 주사형 전자현미경으로 김치의 표피조직을 관찰한 결과 무처리와 에탄을 처리군은 배추 세포조직의 형태가 거의 파괴되었으나 PE- film 처리군은 세포형태가 안정되게 유지되었다. 무처리와 에탄을 처리군은 저장 12일째부터 표면갈변과 이미이취가 발생하였으나 PE-film 처리군은 저장 21일째까지도 나타나지 않았다.

구연산 기반 구리-니켈 합금도금에 대한 분광학적/전기화학적 특성 연구 (Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study on the Citrate-based CuNi Codeposition)

  • 이주열;임성봉;김만;정용수
    • 한국표면공학회지
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    • 제44권3호
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    • pp.117-123
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    • 2011
  • We investigated the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the citrate-based CuNi solution at different solution pH and analyzed various surface properties of CuNi codeposition layer. By combining UV-Visible spectroscopic data with potentiodynamic polarization curves, it could be found that the complexation of $Ni^{2+}$-citrate pair was completed at lower solution pH than $Cu^{2+}$-citrate pair and was affected by the coexistent $Cu^{2+}$ ions, while the complexation between $Cu^{2+}$ ions and citrate was not sensitive to the presence of $Ni^{2+}$ ions. Also, the electron transfer from cathode to $Cu^{2+}$-citrate and$Ni^{2+}$-citrate was hindered by strong complexation between $Cu^{2+}/Ni^{2+}$ ions and citrate and so apparent codeposition current densities were reduced as the solution pH increases. CuNi codeposited layers had a higher Cu content when they were prepared at high pH solution due to the suppression of Ni deposition, and when codeposition was executed in an agitated condition due to the acceleration of mass transfer of $Cu^{2+}$ ions in the solution. Actually, solution pH had little effect on the surface morphology and deposits orientation, but greatly influenced the corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution by modifying the chemical composition of CuNi layers and so pH 3 was expected as the most suitable solution pH in the viewpoint of corrosion coatings.

Adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke in the removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution

  • Ahmed, S.A. Sayed;El-Enin, Reham M.M. Abo;El-Nabarawy, Th.
    • Carbon letters
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.152-161
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    • 2011
  • Activated carbon was prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke. Textural properties were determined from studies of the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the surface chemistry was obtained using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer technique and the Boehm titration process. The adsorption of three aromatic compounds, namely phenol (P), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and benzoic acid (BA) onto APC in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH, initial concentration of solutes and temperature. Active carbon APC obtained was found to possess a high surface area and a predominantly microporous structure; it also had an acidic surface character. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well; also, the intraparticle diffusion was the only controlling process in determining the adsorption of the three pollutants investigated. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The uptake of the three pollutants was found to be strongly dependent on the pH value and the temperature of the solution. Most of the experiments were conducted at pH 7; the $pH_{(PZC)}$ of the active carbon under study was 5.0; the surface of the active carbon was negatively charged. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for APC revealed that the adsorption of P was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, while PNP and BA showed no-spontaneity of the adsorption process and that process was endothermic in nature.