• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2023

Chloride is one of the most common threats to reinforced concrete (RC) durability. Alkaline environment of concrete makes a passive layer on the surface of reinforcement bars that prevents the bar from corrosion. However, when the chloride concentration amount at the reinforcement bar reaches a certain level, deterioration of the passive protection layer occurs, causing corrosion and ultimately reducing the structure's safety and durability. Therefore, understanding the chloride diffusion and its prediction are important to evaluate the safety and durability of RC structure. In this study, the chloride diffusion coefficient is predicted by machine learning techniques. Various machine learning techniques such as multiple linear regression, decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, artificial neural networks, extreme gradient boosting annd k-nearest neighbor were used and accuracy of there models were compared. In order to evaluate the accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used as prediction performance indices. The k-fold cross-validation procedure was used to estimate the performance of machine learning models when making predictions on data not used during training. Grid search was applied to hyperparameter optimization. It has been shown from numerical simulation that ensemble learning methods such as random forest and extreme gradient boosting successfully predicted the chloride diffusion coefficient and artificial neural networks also provided accurate result.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2009

해안철근콘크리트 구조물은 해수 또는 비래염분에 의하여 철근이 부식하게 되고 결과적으로 콘크리트에 균열로 발전하여 성능을 다하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 염해에 대한 해안 철근콘크리트 구조물의 내구성능 평가를 위하여 수치해석에 의한 결정론적 방법이 아니라 확률론에 입각한 성능평가를 위하여 확률론적 시뮬레이션 수법을 구축하였다. 시뮬레이션 수법으로는 몬테카를로법이 적용되었으며, 파괴확률에 대한 설계확률변수(표면염화물 농도, 초기 함유 염소이온농도, 철근의 피복두께, 염소이온 확산계수) 및 각각의 변동계수의 영향을 평가하였다. Fick의 확산방정식을 이용한 해석결과, 해안에서의 거리의 차 및 확산계수의 차에 의한 영향은 컸으며 상대적으로 변동계수의 영향은 그다지 높지 않다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.272-276
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• 2005

Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was grown in BHIB medium supplemented with $Mn^{2+}$ for 96 h at $37^{\circ}C$ in a shaker incubator. After removing the microbial biomass, a lipopeptide biosurfactant was extracted from the supernatant. Its structure was established by chemical and spectroscopy methods. The structure was confirmed by physical properties, such as Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB), surface activity and erythrocyte hemolytic capacity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and erythrocyte hemolytic capacity of the biosurfactant were compared to those of surfactants such as SDS, BC (benzalkonium chloride), TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide) and HTAB (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). The maximum hemolytic effect for all surfactants mentioned was observed at concentrations above cmc. The maximum hemolytic effect of synthetic surfactants was more than that of the biosurfactant produced by B. subtilis ATCC 6633. Therefore, biosurfactant would be considered a suitable surface-active agent due to low toxicity to the membrane.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.3659-3664
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• 2023

The electrochemical behavior of dissolved hydrogen (H₂) was investigated at a Pt electrode in a high temperature LiOH-H₃BO₃ solution. The diffusion current of the H₂ oxidation was proportional to the concentration of the dissolved H₂ as well as the reciprocal of the temperature. In the polarization curve, a potential region in which the oxidation current decreases despite an increase in the applied potential between the H₂ oxidation and the water oxidation regions was observed. This potential region was interpreted as being caused by the formation of a Pt oxide layer. Using the properties of the Cl^- ion that reduces the growth rate of the Pt oxide layer, it was confirmed that there is a correlation between the Cl^- ion concentration and the transient current of the H₂ oxidation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.30.1-30.7
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• 2016

Due to decreased supplies of marine resources and byproducts, new processing technologies for the development of analogs for natural fishery products are becoming increasingly important in the fishing industry. In the present study, we investigated the optimal processing conditions for flying fish roe analogs based on alginate hydrogels. Optimized processing of these analogs was performed by response surface methodology. The optimal processing conditions for the flying fish roe analogs (based on sphericity) were at a sodium alginate concentration of 2.41 %, calcium chloride solution curing time of 40.65 min, calcium chloride concentration of 1.51 %, and a reactor stir speed of $254{\times}g$. When the experiment was performed under these optimized conditions, the size (mm), sphericity (%), and rupture strength (kPa) of the analogs were $2.2{\pm}0.12$, $98.2{\pm}0.2$, and $762{\pm}24.68$, respectively, indicating physical properties similar to their natural counterparts.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권4A호
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• pp.753-759
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• 2006

염해환경 하에 있는 콘크리트 구조물의 내구수명을 예측하기 위하여 콘크리트의 표면 염소이온 농도, 염소이온 확산계수 및 임계 염화물량 등이 주요 인자로 사용된다. 이들 중 염소이온 확산계수는 콘크리트 품질 및 주변 환경조건 등에 많은 영향을 받으며, 이에 따라 콘크리트 구조물의 내구수명이 크게 달라지기 때문에 내구수명을 예측하는 데 가장 중요한 인자로 평가되고 있다. 콘크리트 내의 염소이온 침투 확산에 영향을 미치는 정성적인 주요 인자로는 물-시멘트비, 재령, 양생조건, 주위 환경의 염소이온 농도 및 건습조건 등을 들 수 있는데, 본 연구에서는 염소이온 확산실험을 통해 물-시멘트비와 양생조건이 콘크리트의 염소이온 확산특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 전위차를 이용한 촉진시험법에 의하여 확산셀을 통과한 전위차를 측정한 후, Andrade의 모델에 의하여 전압강하량을 고려하여 3종류의 물-시멘트비를 갖는 콘크리트의 염소이온 확산계수를 구하였다. 또한, 양생조건별로 물-시멘트비 및 재령 효과를 고려한 회귀분석을 통하여 염소이온 확산계수 추정식을 제안하였다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2011

첨가제 농도, 전류밀도, 도금용액 pH가 Ni 박막의 잔류응력, 표면형상, 미세조직에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 chloride 도금용액으로부터 나노결정립 Ni 박막이 제조되었다. Ni 박막에서 잔류응력은 첨가제인 saccharin의 농도가 증가함에 따라 인장응력모드(약 150 MPa)로부터 압축응력모드(약 -100 MPa)로의 천이가 관찰되었다. Ni 박막의 미세구조는 도금용액 내에 saccharin의 유무에 따라 변화되었다. Saccharin이 첨가되지 않은 도금용액으로부터 전기도금된 Ni 박막은 주로 FCC(111) 과 FCC(200) 상들로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 Saccharin이 첨가된 도금용액으로부터 전기도금된 Ni 박막은 FCC(111), FCC(200), FCC (311) 상[때로는 FCC (220)]들로 구성되어 있다. 전류밀도는 Ni 박막의 잔류응력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 관찰되었다. $2.5\sim2.5{\mu}10mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$의 전류밀도에서 가장 낮은 압축응력 값(약 -100 MPa)을 나타내었다. 도금용액의 pH 도 역시 Ni 박막의 잔류응력에 영향을 미쳤다. 한편, 도금용액에 saccharin의 첨가는 Ni 박막의 결정립 크기에 영향을 나타내었다. Saccharin이 첨가되지 않은 경우 Ni 박막의 결정립 크기가 약 60 nm로 측정되었으며, saccharin 함량이 0.0005 M 이상 첨가된 경우 Ni 박막의 결정립 크기가 24~38 nm로 측정되었다. Ni 박막의 표면 형상은 saccharin이 첨가됨에 따라 nodular 형상으로부터 매끄러운 (smooth) 형상으로 변화되었다.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.91-93
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• 2018

Polythiophene-$TiO_2$ composite was synthesized with different molar ratios of thiophene and titaniumisopropoxide ($Ti(OPr)_4$) for flexible solar cell application as a flexible electrode or an active material. The $Ti(OPr)_4$ was stabilized by thiophene. The thiophene was polymerized by ferric chloride catalyst. The synthesized polythiophene exhibited strong UV-visible absorption in the range of the wavelength shorter than 500 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) image of low concentration of $TiO_2$ film showed smooth surface. However, FESEM image of high concentration of $TiO_2$ film exhibited relatively rough surface. Polythiophene concentration dependent strong photoluminescence quenching of surfrhodamine-B was observed.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2022년도 가을 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.73-74
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• 2022

The corrosion inhibitive effect of a new hydrazone-based heterocyclic compound for steel in simulated concrete pore solution with 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride was investigated by experimental and computational techniques. Electrochemical studies, up to 30 days of immersion, and surface analysis (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM)) were performed to assess the corrosion protection abilities of investigated compound for steel rebar. Results showed that adding the organic compound to the chloride contaminated concrete pore solution decreased the corrosion rate of the steel rebar thanks to the effective adsorption of inhibitor molecules. After 30 days of immersion of steel rebar in inhibited chloride contaminated synthetic concrete pore solution, the inhibition efficiency exceeded 80% at low concentration of 1 mmol/L. Computational studies by Density Functional based Tight Binding (DFTB) method revealed the formation of covalent bonds between the hydrazone molecule and the iron surface.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1986

Four amphoteric surfactants, 1-(N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonates, were prepared by the alkylation of 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-4,naphthalene sulfonic acid with chloroalkanes such as 1-decylchloride, 1-tetradecyl chloride and 1-hexadecyl chloride. These quaternary ammonium compounds such as 1-(N-decyl-N, N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate, 1-(N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate, 1-(N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate and 1-(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate could be separated by means of thin layes chromatography and column chromatography. The surface chemical properties such as surface tension, foaming power, foam stability, wetting efficiency and solubilizing effect for these four compounds were measured. Also critical micelle concentration and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB) were evaluated. These compounds showed good surface as O/W type emulsifying agent and detergent.