• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.4 s.32
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• pp.371-390
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• 1990

Production of free radicals of superoxide anion in tissues by cadmium, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase to protect tissue damages caused by the free radicals and ATPase that plays an important role in energy metabolism at cellular level were investigated. Experiments in vivo were conducted with liver, kidney and testicle tissue homogenates of rats adding $0.05{\sim}0.50mM$ cadmium chloride, and in vivo experiments administering single dose of 5 mg of cadmium/kg of body weight in 0.1% cadmium chloride solution intraperitoneally 48 hours prior to evisceration. Production of superoxide radicals in liver and testicle increased with addition of cadmium in vitro, but not in kidney. In vivo experiments, however, superoxide radicals slightly increased in liver and kidney but not in testicle. Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD), catalase and ATPase (total, $Mg^{++}-\;&\;Na^+,\;K^+-$) activity decreased in the presence of cadimium in dose dependent manner. Reduction of these enzyme activities varied not only with dosage of cadmium but also with type of tissue and between in vitro and in vivo experiment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3 s.63
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• pp.204-214
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• 2005

Objectives : The verity extract of the Gagam-Hyungbang-Gihwang-tang (GHG) was assessed to determine the mechanisms of its antioxidant activity. Methods : The fellowing effects were measured : GHG exhibited a concentration-treatment; scavenging ${\alpha},\;{\alpha}-diphenyl-\beta-picrylhydrazyl$ (DPPH) radical, linoleic acid oxidation in a thiocyanate assay system, and superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical-induced DNA nicking. We investigated mRNA levels such as superoxide-dismutase. Results : The GHG extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity, including DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion, using different systems. The GHG was also found to be effective in protecting plasmid DNA against the strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radicals in Fenton's reaction mixture. Furthermore, SOD-1 mRNA expression levels increased in tat hepatoma H4IIE cells Conclusions : We expect that GHG will to helpful to the development of antioxidant activity treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 1997

Methylelaiophylin generated superoxide radicals in Bacillus subtilis and showed antibacterial activity against a broad range of gram positive bacteria. The inhibition of DNA synthesis was more sensitive than one of RNA synthesis. A recombination-deficient mutant strain of B. subtilis was 2-fold more sensitive than a wild strain, and this sensitivity was reduced in the presence of an antioxidant, dithiothreitol. Methylelaiophylin generated superoxide radicals in B. subtilis lysates, and this suggests that the antibacterial activity of methylelaiophylin is related to the generation of active oxygen species in the cells.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1386-1391
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• 2009

Crude polysaccharides from rapeseed meal (PRM) were extracted with 0.3% NaOH aqueous solution, followed by further purifications and 2 fractions, namely PRM1 and PRM2, were separated with a DEAE-cellulose DE-52 column. Their primary compositions were analysed and antioxidant activity was determined, including scavenging activity toward superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide radicals, reducing power, and inhibitory effects against the microsomal lipid peroxidation, compared to that of L-ascorbic acid. The results indicated that PRM1 and PRM2 exhibited not only good reducing power and inhibitory effects on the microsomal lipid peroxidation, but also strong scavenging activity toward superoxide anion radicals, nitric oxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, positive correlations were also observed between the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and the protein contents of the polysaccharides, and the reducing power and the sulfate contents. These findings thus clearly suggest the polysaccharides possess direct and potent antioxidant activity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Cordyceps Sinensis (CS) and Cordyceps Militaris (CM) on anti oxidation in the livers of ${CCl_4}-treated$ rats. Methods : Hepatotoxicity in rats was induced by carbon tetracWoride. $CCl_4-induced$ rats were administered with the extract of CS and CM. Results : In vitro, CS and CM didn't affect levels of lipid peroxide and the activities and type conversion ratio of xanthine oxidase. However, hydroxyl radicals and DPPHL radicals were decreased. In vivo, in the ${CCl_4}-treated$ rats, lipid peroxide, the activities and type conversion ratio of xanthine oxidase and superoxide radicals were increased but superoxide dismutase was decreased. After CS and CM were administered to ${CCl_4}-treated$ rats, levels of lipid peroxide, the activities and type conversion ratio of xanthine oxidase and superoxide radicals were decreased but superoxide dismutase was increased. Conclusions : These results suggest that CS and CM decrease the activities of free-radical-generating enzymes which form lipid peroxide and increase the activities of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.176-179
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• 2007

An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal characteristic of the 5,5'-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO)-OH spin adduct, which is formed from the reaction of DMPO with superoxide radicals generated by xanthine oxidasemediated reaction, was significantly reduced by the cadaverine or Escherichia coli Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Likewise, cytochrome c reduction by superoxide was inhibited by cadaverine, and the inhibition level increased in proportion to the level of cadaverine. The cadA mutant of Vibrio vulnificus, which does not produce cadaverine because of the lack of lysine decarboxylase, exhibits less tolerance to superoxide stress in comparison with wild type. The results indicate that cadaverine scavenges superoxide radicals, and protects cells from oxidative stress.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.355-365
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of Cheongahwan(CAH), being known to reinforce Kidney-yang, on the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and the production of oxygen free radicals in the kidney tissues. Alterations in enzyme activities were observed after in vivo treatment in rats. CAH caused a significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. But catalase activity was not significantly altered by CAH. Treatment in vitro of CAH decreased the production of oxygen free radicals in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that CAH stimulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibit directly the production of oxygen free radicals. These effects of CAH may contribute to prevent the oxygen free radical-induced impairment of cell function.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of two giant embryonic rices, Nampung giant embryonic rice and Hwachung giant embryonic rice, were investigated mainly focusing on their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge reactive oxygen species in comparison with those of general rice. The results showed that germination process increased reducing power, inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation and scavenging ability either on superoxide or hydroxyl radicals. Among the cultivars tested, increase in antioxidative action was found to be most prominent for Hwachung giant embryonic rice cultivar. For scavenging of superoxide radicals, the extract from Nampung giant embryonic rice has the most potent activity, however, increasing rate of scavenging activity by germination process was also found to be the greatest for Hwachung giant embryonic rice. We found that the scavenging mechanism for superoxide radicals was attributed to the direct scavenging of the radicals. The scavenging of hydroxyl radicals, the most toxic oxygen radical to biological system, by the rice extracts were also examined, and the results showed that either overall activity or the increasing rate of the activity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by germination process was the greatest for Hwachung giant embryonic rice. Moreover, the results suggested that the scavenging action to hydroxyl radicals might be mediated by direct quenching of the radicals, not by chelating $Fe^{2+}$. Further studies showed that the antioxidant action of the rice extracts tested in vitro was also operative for suppressing ROS production induced in TPA-stimulated HL-60 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.756-759
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• 2011

In this paper, chloracetyl chitosan (CACTS) was prepared at first. In the molecules of CACTS, there are active chlorine groups, which can take part in other reactions. Thus, number of chitosan derivatives will be obtained after chlorine is substituted. Choosing pyridine as the active group, a novel water-soluble chitosan derivative, (2-pyridyl)-acetyl chitosan (PACTS) was obtained and its antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals was assessed. The results indicated that PACTS had better antioxidant activity than that of chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS), hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCTS), and Vitamin C. And the $IC_{50}$ values against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals were 0.31 mg/mL and 0.21 mg/mL, respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.298-302
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• 1994

Wistar albino rats were injected subcutaneously with mercuric chloride (5 mg/kg) to define the early biochemical determinants that participate in the pathogenesis of mercuric chloride-induced hepatotoxicity, especially focusing on oxygen free radicals, we studied malondialdehyde(MDA) level and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver of rats at 24, 48 and 72 hr after the injection of mercuric chloride. MDA levels at 24, 48 and 72 hr after the injection of mercuric chloride increased as compared with that of control group. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase at 24, 48 and 72hr after the injection of mercuric chloride decreased as compared with that of control group. These results suggest that the depression of the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase resulting from excessive oxygen free radicals is an important determinant in pathogenesis of mercuric chloride-induced hepatotoxicity.