• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.190-201
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• 2022

Background: The introduction of new living modified (LM) crops may pose a latent threat to the biodiversity of each country. Here, we used sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) as a study system to investigate the potential for invasiveness of LM crops under different environmental conditions when released into a natural ecosystem in South Korea. We examined the seed germination, survival, and flowering of sunflowers under competition with wild plants at different sowing dates (March-December) and plot sizes (1 m × 1 m and 2 m × 2 m). Results: The germination rate showed a significant difference according to the sowing date. In addition, several sunflowers survived in plots with a high germination rate, which also led to a higher flowering rate. We found that the smaller the plot, the smaller the area available for inter-species competition, and the higher the number of surviving sunflower plants. The relative dominance and importance value of the species varied significantly between the sowing dates; in particular, sunflowers sown in March could compete with wild plants for longer than those sown on other sowing dates. Conclusions: These observations indicate that the potential for invasiveness of sunflowers differs depending on the environmental conditions and seed density at the time of release.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2024

Background: Newly introduced transgenic plants can outcompete native species in natural ecosystems, threatening the biodiversity of a country. This study ascertained the weediness potential of plants according to the seed amount under the assumption that transgenic seeds were unintentionally spilled. Using sunflowers as the study system, 0, 50, 100, and 150 seeds were sown in 1 m × 1 m and 2 m × 2 m plots, and seed germination, survival, flowering, and competition between the surviving and wild plants were investigated. Results: There was no significant difference in the germination rate of sunflowers depending on the cultivar, but differences were observed depending on the sowing density and plot size. As the number of seeds sown increased, the flowering and seed maturation of sprouted plants occurred earlier; the plant height and flower length of the surviving plants decreased. In addition, as the number of seeds increased, not only did the early importance of sunflowers increase, but the period of dominance over weeds also improved. Conclusions: These results suggest that the weediness potential of sunflowers varies with the number of seeds at the time of release, which may affect germination and growth, and compete with weeds in transgenic plants.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.427-432
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• 2020

해바라기, 콩, 들깨, 참깨를 트랩식물로 이용하여 미국선녀벌레 약충에 대한 유인효과를 조사한 결과, 실내실험의 경우, 어린단계와 성숙단계 모두에서 해바라기가 각각 평균 47.6%와 66.5%로 가장 높은 유인력을 보였고, 야외실험의 경우에도 어린단계와 성숙단계 모두에서 해바라기가 각각 평균 52.3%, 53.2%로 가장 높았다. 실내실험과 야외실험에서 어린단계의 콩은 시간이 지나면서 해바라기 다음으로 유인력이 높았으나 성숙단계의 콩은 들깨 보다도 낮은 유인력을 보였으며 실내실험과 야외실험간 비교에서 동일 트랩식물간 유의성은 없는 것으로 보아 미국선녀벌레 약충에 대하여 가장 유인력이 높은 식물은 해바라기였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.709-717
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• 2008

대표적 오염 방사능 핵종인 세슘(cesium)으로 오염된 수계를 정화하기위하여 해바라기(Sunflower; Helianthus annuus L.)와 강낭콩(Bean; Phaseolus vulgaris var.)을 이용한 뿌리여과(rhizofiltration) 실내 실험을 실시하였다. 해바라기의 경우 뿌리여 과실험 24시간 내에 세슘의 98%를 제거하였으며, 강낭콩은 99%의 제거율을 나타내어 친환경적이며 녹색 정화방법인 뿌리여과법이 세슘으로 오염된 수계 정화에 매우 효과적으로 적용 할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 수용액의 pH에 따른 뿌리여과법의 세슘 제거 실험 결과, 두 식물 모두에서 오염수의 pH가 $5{\sim}9$인 경우 98%이상의 제거효율을 나타내었다. 뿌리여과법 실험 후 식물에 농축된 세슘량을 부위별로 측정한 결과, 수용액으로부터 식물로 이동한 총 세슘의 80% 이상이 뿌리에 농축되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 대규모 오염 현장에서 뿌리여과법을 적용 시, 농축이 심한 뿌리 부분만을 후 처리함으로써 비용과 시간을 절감할 수 있음을 의미한다. 뿌리여과법 적용 후 식물 뿌리 표면의 SEM이미지와 EDS성분 분석 결과, 수용액 내 세슘은 먼저 뿌리 표면에 이온상으로 흡착한 후 서서히 뿌리 내부로 흡수되는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권
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• pp.175-185
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• 2002

Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop as a vegetable oil, concentrated feed and industrial materials. The name "canola" was registered in 1979 by the Western Canadian Oilseed Crushers Association to describe "double-low" varieties. Double low indicates that the processed oil contains less than 2% erucic-acid and the meal less than 3mg/g of glucosinolates. Today annual worldwide production of rapeseed is approximately 35 million tons on 24 million hectares. China accounts for 33% of the world production and the European Economic Community for nearly 32%. Canola ranks 3rd in production among the world's oilseed crops following soybeans, sunflowers, peanuts and cottonseed. The recent advances in genomics and in gene function studies has allowed us to understand the detailed genetic basis of many complex traits, such as flowering time, height, and disease resistance. The manipulation of seed oil content via transgene insertion has been one of the earliest successful applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture. For example, the first transgenic crop with a modified seed composition to be approved for unrestricted commercial cultivation in the US was a lauric oil, rape-seed, grown in 1995. There were also some significant early successes, mostly notably the achievement of 40% to 60% lauric acid content in rapeseed oil, which normally accumulates little or no lauric acid. The name "$\textrm{Laurical}^{TM}$" was registered in 1995 by Calgene Inc. Nevertheless, attempts to achieve high levels of other novel fatty acids in seed oils have met with much less success and there have been several reports that the presence of novel fatty acids in transgenic plants can sometimes lead to the induction of catabolic pathways which break down the novel fatty acid, i.e. the plant recognizes the "strange" fatty acid and, far from tolerating it, may even actively eliminate it from the seed oil. It is likely that, in the future, transgenic oil crops and newly domesticated oil crops will both be developed in order to provide the increased amount and diversity of oils which will be required for both edible and industrial use. It is important that we recognize that both approaches have both positive and negative points. It will be a combination of these two strategies that is most likely to supply the increasing demands for plant oils in the 21st century and beyond.ant oils in the 21st century and beyond.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.51-61
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• 1961

In order to detect the way of absorption and metaboism of the urea it is sprayed on the surface of the leaves of sunflower. The sunflowers used in this study are grown in different conditions such that the one in nittogen aboundant and the other in nitrogen deficient soil, respectively. The urea-N, ammonia-N, amide-N, and 80% alcohol soluble-N in the leaves were quantitatively determined. All of the nitrogenous components measured are generally tended to increased with rising the concentration of urea except only amide-N at 24 hours after sprayed, and these were highly significances. It seemed that hydrolizing of urea into ammonia and carbon dixide and the assimilation of ammonia into other organic nitrogenous constituents were rapid in the young leaves than in the mature. It is interest that the amide content, in the young leaves and nitrogen defieient one were enhanced with the increasing concentration of urea, although in the mature leaves it did not show any change in the urea treatment. It is presumed that the assimilation rate of ammonia and the urease activity were lower in the matture leaves than in the young and nitrogen deficient leaves. No significance at 5% level showed all of the nitrogenous components except total nitrogen between nitrogen abundant and deficent leaves. Urea content was a high peak at first 12 hours, ammonia at 48 hours, and amide and alcohol soluble nitrogen at 96 hours, whence decrease4d the content of these constituents gradually. The total nitrogen content is not incrased obviously by only one time of urea spray in this study. When the concentration of urea was relatively high there appeared the wilting spots on t도 edge of leaves. As a whole, it seemed that sprayed urea was rapidly absorbed and taken part in nitrogen metabolism within relatively short period.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2021

Living modified organisms (LMOs) are managed by seven government agencies according to their use in South Korea. The Ministry of Environment is responsible for LMOs used for environmental remediation. This study aimed to develop guidelines for assessing potential risks posed by transgenic plants used for remediation to insect ecosystems by investigating arthropod communities in sunflower fields. A total of 2,350 insects and spiders belonging to 134 species of 10 orders and 71 families were collected from sunflower fields over four growth stages ranging from anthesis to seed maturity. At the R3 phase of flower-bud formation, Chironomidae sp. of a decomposer insect guild presented the highest density, while Apis mellifera of a pollinator guild was the most abundant in the R5.8 phase of flowering. During the R7 seed-filling phase and the R9 phase of seed maturity, herbivorous Pochazia shantungensis predominated. During the R9 phase, richness and diversity indices of arthropod communities were distinctly lower whereas their dominance indices were significantly higher than those at other phases. In addition, the composition of arthropod communities was strongly correlated not only with the sampling date, but also with the sampling method depending on the growth stage of sunflowers. Our results suggest that appropriate sampling timing and methods should be considered in advance and that long-term field trials that cover a variety of environmental conditions should be carried out to evaluate potential risks to insect ecosystems.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.480-490
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• 2003

An innovative biopolymer known as the Rhizobian gum has been developed in France, which shows some dramatic refreshing effect on the skin. The origin of this innovative project takes its source in the natural environment, and in particular the natural environment of the roots of sunflowers and wheat, where a symbiotic bacterium has been discovered. It is a Rhizobium bacterium, which is hosted by the roots, and which is able to synthesize a specific polymer showing a dramatic water binding capacity. This polymer is in particular synthesized in period of drought, and its biological role is to concentrate the small amount water present in the soil in order to take it available for the root, which becomes then able to absorb it. This vital mechanism allows the plant to survive despite a severe climatic environment. This basic research has been conducted in collaboration whit the French National centre of scientific Research (CNRS), and has lead to the isolation of the Rhizobium bacteria. Rhizobian gum is a branched biopolymer consisting in the repetition of a polysaccharide unit of 3 molecules of glucose, 3 molecules of galactose and 1 molecule of glucuronic acid, whit one pyruvate group an average 1.6 acetyl groups. The fresh effect of Rhizobian gum is a strong sensorial impact that 100 ％ of the consumers are able to perceive, and which is judged very pleasant by most of them. In addition to this, a large majority of consumers are perceived, and which is judge very pleasant by most of them. In addition to this, a large majority of consumers also feel a very pleasant relaxing sensation. Smoothness and softness are also felt by most consumers and qualified positively by most of them. These qualities guarantee a strong impact on today's consumers.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.50-60
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• 2003

An innovative biopolymer known as the Rhizobian gum has been developed in France, which shows some dramatic refreshing effect on the skin. The origin of this innovative project takes its source in the natural environment, and in particular the natural environment of the roots of sunflowers and wheat, where a symbiotic bacterium has been discovered. It is a Rhizobium bacterium, which is hosted by the roots, and which is able to synthesize a specific polymer showing a dramatic water binding capacity. This polymer is in particular synthesized in period of drought, and its biological role is to concentrate the small amount water present in the soil in order to take it available for the root, which becomes then able to absorb it. This vital mechanism allows the plant to survive despite a severe climatic environment. This basic research has been conducted in collaboration whit the French National centre of scientific Research (CNRS), and has lead to the isolation of the Rhizobium bacteria. Rhizobian gum is a branched biopolymer consisting in the repetition of a polysaccharide unit of 3 molecules of glucose, 3 molecules of galactose and 1 molecule of glucuronic acid, whit one pyruvate group an average 1.6 acetyl groups. The fresh effect of Rhizobian gum is a strong sensorial impact that 100 ％ of the consumers are able to perceive, and which is judged very pleasant by most of them. In addition to this, a large majority of consumers are perceived, and which is judge very pleasant by most of them. In addition to this, a large majority of consumers also feel a very pleasant relaxing sensation. Smoothness and softness are also felt by most consumers and qualified positively by most of them. These qualities guarantee a strong impact on today's consumers.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.622-633
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• 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various plant-derived carotenoid extracts on growth parameters and skin coloration of golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus). Five groups of fish were fed diets containing carotenoid sources from the petal extracts of the leopard tree (Caesalpinia ferrea), wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), marigold (Tagetes erecta), yellow bells (Tecoma stans), Wedelia chinensis (Wedelia chinensis), along with a control group, each diet had a carotenoid concentration of 0.25 g/kg feed. The diets were based on the same fundamental ingredients and administered for 56 days. Results showed significant differences in growth parameters among the different diets, with wild sunflower and marigold petal extracts proving most effective in enhancing the skin coloration of golden trevally. High yellow (CIE b^*), ranging from 17.2 to 18.8, were observed (Minolta CR-400), compared to only 12.2 ± 0.34 in the control group. Additionally, the carotenoid content in the tissue of the various groups differed significantly (p < 0.05), with the highest level of carotenoids (71.2 ± 2.9 ㎍/g tissue) detected in the fish skin of the dietary marigold flower group (UV-visible spectrophotometry). It is suggested that the petals of wild sunflowers and marigolds can efficiently improve body pigmentation and growth performance in golden trevally, indicating that these plant-derived carotenoids may have potential applications in aquaculture.