• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.239-243
• /
• 2008

A $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the proper dietary protein and lipid levels for the growth of sub-adult flounder Paralichthys olivaceus reared during the summer season. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of protein (45%, 50% and 55%) and two levels of lipid (9% and 14%). Duplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 298 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation during the summer season ($21.8{\pm}1.7^{\circ}C$) for 60 days. Survival of each group was over 83% and there was not significant difference among all groups. Weight gain of fish fed the 45% protein diet with 14% lipid was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50% and 55% protein diets with 9% and 14% lipids, but weight gain of fish fed the 45% protein diet with 9% lipid was significantly lower than that of fish fed the 55% protein diets with 14% lipid. Feed efficiency tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level at each protein levels, although no significant differences were observed at 50% and 55% protein levels. Protein efficiency ratio, daily feed intake, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Crude lipid content of the liver tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level at the same protein levels, but the opposite appearance was found for moisture content. The contents of moisture, crude protein and crude lipid of the dorsal muscle were not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Based on data obtained form this study, inclusion of dietary protein at level of 45% appears sufficient to support optimal growth, and an increase of dietary lipid level from 9% to 14% has beneficial effects on feed utilization of sub-adult flounder during the summer season.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.467-475
• /
• 2007

기상청 현업 모델 RDAPS 모델 자료와 QuikSCAT 관측결과 중 2005, 2006년 해상풍 자료를 비교하였다. 해상풍의 하계와 동계의 평균 공간 분포의 분석결과 한반도 주변의 계절적인 해상풍의 뚜렷한 특성을 잘 나타낸다. 모델과 관측의 해상풍 통계 분석 비교에서도 계절적인 차이를 잘 나타낸다. 한반도 주변의 하계 BIAS 값은 -0.5m/s이하의 분포를 보이고, 동계에는 -1 m/s이하의 분포를 보인다. 상관계수의 경우 하계에는 0.7, 동계에는 0.8 이상으로 분포한다. 공간적으로 평균된 상관계수의 경우 2005년, 2006년 모두 하계보다 동계에 더욱 상관관계가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 하계의 약한 풍속보다 동계의 강한 해상풍을 RDAPS에서 더 잘 재현하고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.703-719
• /
• 2016

이 연구는 여름철 동해안 냉수대의 시공간적 이동에 따른 변화 분석에 관한 것이다. 2013년 여름에 위성 및 현장자료(바람, 기온, 수온)를 이용하여 다양한 환경 요인들에 기반을 둔 자료 분석을 시도하였다. 냉수대의 생성과 소멸의 영상을 분석하기 위해 AVISO 지형류 및 하루 동안의 천리안 해양관측위성(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager; GOCI) 엽력소 농도 자료를 사용하였다. 또한, 냉수대의 이동을 추적하기 위해 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-Sea Surface Temperature (AVHRR-SST) 자료를 사용하였다. 초여름에 냉수대가 발현하여 늦여름에 소멸한다는 것과 이 기간 동안 냉수대의 생성과 소멸이 지속적으로 반복되었다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 추가적으로 냉수대의 후속 영향으로 인해 늦여름에 엽력소 농도가 증가되었다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Double skin facade is a representative advantageous passive technology of building skin in the aspect of energy saving and environment improvement, reduces heat loss with buffer space in winter season and enhances indoor air and comfort of residents by activating natural ventilation in mid-season. However, in summer season, temperature increase in the intermediate space due to solar energy from exterior transparent skin could be a potential problem; also, relatively weak buoyancy of air caused by low density difference between double-skin facade could increase cooling load as air of intermediate space in high temperature hangs. However, proof data is insufficient to objectify such phenomenon. Method: In this study, researchers surveyed air temperature of intermediate space and airflow and diagnosed its cause targeting on applied multistory facade in the building which gives thermal uncomfort to residents. Also, the researchers produced Solar-air heat transfer coefficient meter, measured thermal boundary condition of double-skin facade, and presented the result of measurement as an objectified verification material regarding overheating phenomenon in the intermediate space of double-skin facade in summer season. Result: Inefficient condition was verified that total heat increases and overheating due to insufficient natural ventilation in multistory facade. In addition, logic behind preceding research was objectified and verified regarding high temperature phenomenon in the intermediate space which could increase cooling load in summer season.

• 대기
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.133-150
• /
• 2017

This study evaluates CMIP5 model performance on rainy season evolution in the East Asian summer monsoon. Historical (1986~2005) simulation is analyzed using ensemble mean of CMIP5 19 models. Simulated rainfall amount is underestimated than the observed and onset and termination of rainy season are earlier in the simulation. Compared with evolution timing, duration of the rainy season is uncertain with large model spread. This area-averaged analysis results mix relative differences among the models. All model show similarity in the underestimated rainfall, but there are quite large difference in dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The model difference is shown in horizontal distribution analysis. BEST and WORST group is selected based on skill score. BEST shows better performance in northward movement of the rain band, summer monsoon domain. Especially, meridional gradient of equivalent potential temperature and low-level circulation for evolving frontal system is quite well captured in BEST. According to RCP8.5, CMIP5 projects earlier onset, delayed termination and longer duration of the rainy season with increasing rainfall amount at the end of 21st century. BEST and WORST shows similar projection for the rainy season evolution timing, meanwhile there are large discrepancy in thermodynamic structure. BEST and WORST in future projection are different in moisture flux, vertical structure of equivalent potential temperature and the subsequent unstable changes in the conditional instability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.988-995
• /
• 2003

Physiological parameters were measured on six primiparous, non-pregnant Holstein cows prior to peak lactation over a 3-month summer season in southwestern Taiwan. The objectives were to characterize heat stress-induced change in functionality of mammary gland under natural climates of tropical summer and to establish physiological indices applicable to this environment in referring to this change. Environmental and physiological readings, milk and blood samples were taken at 15:00 h biweekly for totally five time points during the study. Climate readings showed that the afternoon humidex value reached the highest (53.5) around mid summer. Rectal temperature of cows taken simultaneously varied between $38.26^{\circ}C$ and $40.02^{\circ}C$ in parallel to humidex. Milk production declined drastically from 29.2 to 22.2 kg/d the first month entering summer but leveled up at end of the summer season suggesting effects exerted by heat stress rather than stages of lactation. Lactose content decreased linearly (p<0.05) with times in summer, from 4.69 to 4.38%. On the other hand, activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk increased linearly to over two folds (p<0.05) during the same intervals. Elevations of fractional constituent of BSA in whey protein and serum cortisol level were also noticed in the course. Measurement of arteriovenous concentration (A-V) difference across the mammary gland demonstrated net uptake of glucose and net release of urea throughout the study period. The amount of urea released from mammary gland increased (p<0.05) progressively from 1.54 to 7.76 mg/dl during summer. It is concluded that gradual regression of mammary gland occurred along the humid tropical summer season. This regression is likely initiated through elevation of body temperature, which is irreversible above certain point. The increased release of urea from mammary gland during heat stress suggests its potential role as an early indicator of suboptimal mammary function.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.772-787
• /
• 2000

In this study, evaluation on the loaches from the various sources was carried out in respect of their taste compounds. The samples were classified by local, season and growing condition and evaluated in terms of composition, the refuse, contents of nucleotides and their related compounds, total and free amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid. Evaluation on the compositions revealed the fact that, in terms of the local, the imported loach contain a low level of fat and high level of ash, in comparison with Korean loach; in terms of growing condition, cultured loach contains a high level of fat and low level of moisture, in comparison with wild loach; and in terms of the season, the summer loach contains less moisture than the fall loath; but as for the contents of other component, the summer loach was superior. As for the refuse, the imported loach had a greater refuse than the Korean loach. In the growing condition, the wild loach had lower value than the cultured loach. There was no substantial difference in each season. Also nucleotide and these related compounds were detected in all of the samples, while ATP was not found. The content levels of such detected compound did not show a substantial difference in each condition. However, generally, the imported loach was poor in such compound and all of the samples were high in IMP. The samples were high in total amino acids. The local and growing conditions showed no substantial difference, while in the season, the summer loach had a higher content of total and essential amino acid than the fall loach. As for the contents of free amino acids, similar distribution of the composition was shown in each sample, even though there was little difference in their constituents. Also, total content of free amino acid varied with the conditions of the samples. As for total content of organic acid and the distribution of the composition, there was a little difference between each condition. In the season and growing condition, the summer loach was high in organic acid. As for the distribution of the fatty acid compositions, there was no substantial difference between each condition and each sample. In the case of the wild loach, the summer loach was high in ${\omega}-3$ polyunsaturated fatty acid and the fall loach was high in essential fatty acid. Similarly, in the case of the imported loach, the summer loach was high in ${\omega}-3$ polyunsaturated fatty acid and the fall loach was high in essential fatty acid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.416-420
• /
• 2009

An experiment of one-year duration was conducted on sixteen adult male German Angora rabbits under sub-temperate Himalayan conditions, to assess the effect of seasons on their body weight, wool production and quality, plane of nutrition and the digestibilities of nutrients. The daily meteorological attribute viz. minimum and maximum temperature; relative humidity and rainfall were recorded during winter (October to March), summer (April to June) and rainy (July to September) seasons. Biological parameters viz. body weight at the time of shearing, wool yield of individual rabbit, quality attributes of wool, fortnightly dry matter intake, chemical composition of feed and fodder and digestibilities of nutrients were recorded. Average minimum and maximum ambient temperature during winter, summer and rainy seasons were 4.6${\pm}$1.9 and 21.4${\pm}$2.8; 13.6${\pm}$2 and 30.3${\pm}$2; and 20.0${\pm}$1.4 and $31.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average relative humidity and total rainfall during winter, summer and rainy season were 69.5${\pm}$2.9% and 74.7${\pm}$21.8 mm; 58.6${\pm}$2.2% and 38.1${\pm}$18.1 mm; and 69${\pm}$4.2% and 104.0${\pm}$43.7 mm, respectively. The body weight of rabbits increased during all seasons, however, the maximum average daily weight gain of 3.47${\pm}$0.1 g was observed during the rainy season. The wool yield differed significantly (p$\leq$0.05) among different seasons with highest (140.4${\pm}$10 g) and lowest (108.5${\pm}$6.9 g) during winter and summer, respectively. The wool yield during the rainy season was 123.3${\pm}$5.2 g. The wool quality attributes revealed non-significant differences for staple length, fiber diameter, medulation percent, percent pure fibers and percent guard hairs. Plane of nutrition revealed significant (p$\leq$0.05) differences for concentrate intake. The concentrate intake was highest during winter (124.4${\pm}$2.6 g) followed by summer (86.8${\pm}$8.9 g) and rainy (80.7${\pm}$11.8 g) seasons. The reverse trend was observed in roughage intake with significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) lower intake during winter and highest during summer months. As a result total dry matter intake during different seasons was similar. Significant differences (p${\leq}$0.05) were observed for digestibilities of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. Digestibility of crude protein was highest during winter whereas the digestibilities of crude fiber, ether extract, acid detergent fiber and cellulose remained higher during the rainy season. During the winter season, the dry matter used for producing 100 g of wool was substantially lower than during other seasons and was concluded to be the best season for production of Angora wool under subtemperate Himalayan conditions.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제28권3_4호
• /
• pp.387-395
• /
• 2004

This research was designed to investigate the effect of hand and sensibility image on the preference to textiles for jacket. 85 subjects majored in fashion design were surveyed and 10 kinds of fabrics used as specimen at each season. Factor analysis, t-test, Pearson correlation, regression were used for statistical analysis by SPSS WIN 11.0. The results of this study were as follows; 1. In Spring\ulcornerFall season, 6 factors were extracted as hand factor and 2 factors as sensibility factor of textiles for jacket. 2. 6 factors were extracted as hand factor and 2 factors as sensibility image in Summer. 3. 6 factors were extracted as hand factor and 2 factors as sensibility image in Winter season. 4. There were significant differences according to sex between hand factor and sensibility image at each season. 5. There were significant correlations between hand and sensibility image in Spring\ulcornerFall and Summer. 6. Hand and sensibility image were related to the preference to textiles for jacket in Spring and Winter.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference The Korean Society of Agricutural Engineers
• /
• pp.418-423
• /
• 1999

This study was performed to find an efficient method to overcome extremely high temperature within greehhouse in summer season. The actual states of practical use for greenhouse in hot summer season were investigated. About 21.6% of the investigated greenhouse farms were no cultivation, and most greenhouse farms were cultivating under the very inferior environment . To examine thermal enviornment of greenhouse according to cooling or assistant cooling , greenhouses were treated with natural ventilation, shading, roof sprinkling , and evaporative cooling with air cool fan. Shading and operating air col fan showed a drop in temperature of 3.8∼4.2$^{\circ}C$ as compared with natural ventilation, and most greenhouse air temperatures were maintained below 35$^{\circ}C$.