Relationships among Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Learning Organization Culture in One Korean Private Organization
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- Educational Technology International
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- 제8권1호
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- pp.17-39
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- 2007
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and learning organization culture. This study was conducted in five sub-organizations of one Korean conglomerate company. One thousand employees were randomly and proportionately selected, with 669 useable cases obtained, for a response rate of 67%. The organizational commitment instrument used from the "affective, continuance, and normative commitment" scale (ACNCS) of Allen and Meyer (1990). The "Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire" of Watkins and Marsick (1997) was used to measure learning organization culture. The short form MSQ (Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire), developed by Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967), was the third instrument used. Descriptive statistics, correlational statistics, and inferential statistics (ANOVA and t-tests) were used. Organizational commitment (except for continuance) is moderately and positively related to job satisfaction and moderately and positively related to learning organization culture. In addition, learning organization culture is weakly to moderately and positively related to job satisfaction. No differences by age were found. Four-year college graduates are more likely to have higher creating continuous learning opportunities in learning organization culture than graduate school degree holders. Males are likely to have higher affective and continuance organizational commitment than females. Employees working in R&D, Engineering, and Manufacturing (REM) are likely to have higher continuance organizational commitment than do other types of jobs. Employees are more likely to have higher learning organization culture and job satisfaction than assistant managers. Assistant managers have higher continuance organizational commitment than managers. Managers generally have higher organizational commitment, learning organization culture, job satisfaction than assistant managers. They also have higher learning organization culture than employees. Employees who had worked for less than four years in their current job and organization have higher promoting inquiry and dialogue in learning organization culture than those who have worked for ten years or more. Employees in the insurance organization have higher affective organizational commitment, learning organization culture, and job satisfaction than those of the other organizations. Finally, employees of the electronic company have higher continuance organizational commitment in learning organization culture than those of other companies. In summary, this research enables CEOs and HRD and HRM practitioners to view organizational commitment, learning organization culture, and job satisfaction as important variables in exploring diverse ranges of topics related to the workplace. And then, they can diversely apply their management, interventions and practices to fit these diverse characteristics.
The main purpose of this study was to test the effect of the structured information on the sleep amount of the patients undergoing open heart surgery. This study has specifically addressed to the Following two basic research questions: (1) Would the structed in formation influence in the reduction of sleep disturbance related to anxiety and Physical stress before and after the operation? and (2) that would be the effects of the structured information on the level of preoperative state anxiety, the hormonal change, and the degree of behavioral change in the patients undergoing an open heart surgery? A Quasi-experimental research was designed to answer these questions with one experimental group and one control group. Subjects in both groups were matched as closely as possible to avoid the effect of the differences inherent to the group characteristics, Baseline data were also. collected on both groups for 7 days prior to the experiment and found that subjects in both groups had comparable sleep patterns, trait anxiety, hormonal levels and behavioral level. A structured information as an experimental input was given to the subjects in the experimental group only. Data were collected and compared between the experimental group and the control group on the sleep amount of the consecutive pre and post operative days, on preoperative state anxiety level, and on hormonal and behavioral changes. To test the effectiveness of the structured information, two main hypotheses and three sub-hypotheses were formulated as follows; Main hypothesis 1: Experimental group which received structured information will have more sleep amount than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Main hypothesis 2: Experimental group with structured information will have more sleep, amount than control group without structured information during the week following the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 1: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the level of State anxiety than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Sub-hypothesis 2 : Experimental group with structured information will have lower hormonal level than control group without stuctured information on the 5th day after the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 3: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the behavioral change level than control group without structured information during the week after the open heart surgery. The research was conducted in a national university hospital in Seoul, Korea. The 53 Subjects who participated in the study were systematically divided into experimental group and control group which was decided by random sampling method. Among 53 subjects, 26 were placed in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. Instruments; (1) Structed information: Structured information as an independent variable was constructed by the researcher on the basis of Roy's adaptation model consisting of physiologic needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence needs as related to the sleep and of operational procedures. (2) Sleep amount measure: Sleep amount as main dependent variable was measured by trained nurses through observation on the basis of the established criteria, such as closed or open eyes, regular or irregular respiration, body movement, posture, responses to the light and question, facial expressions and self report after sleep. (3) State anxiety measure: State Anxiety as a sub-dependent variable was measured by Spi-elberger's STAI Anxiety scale, (4) Hormornal change measure: Hormone as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the cortisol level in plasma. (5) Behavior change measure: Behavior as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the Behavior and Mood Rating Scale by Wyatt. The data were collected over a period of four months, from June to October 1981, after the pretest period of two months. For the analysis of the data and test for the hypotheses, the t-test with mean differences and analysis of covariance was used. The result of the test for instruments show as follows: (1) STAI measurement for trait and state anxiety as analyzed by Cronbachs alpha coefficient analysis for item analysis and reliability showed the reliability level at r= .90 r= .91 respectively. (2) Behavior and Mood Rating Scale measurement was analyzed by means of Principal Component Analysis technique. Seven factors retained were anger, anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, bizarre behavior, suspicious behavior and emotional withdrawal. Cumulative percentage of each factor was 71.3%. The result of the test for hypotheses show as follows; (1) Main hypothesis, was not supported. The experimental group has 282 minutes of sleep as compared to the 255 minutes of sleep by the control group. Thus the sleep amount was higher in experimental group than in control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (2) Main hypothesis 2 was not supported. The mean sleep amount of the experimental group and control group were 297 minutes and 278 minutes respectively Therefore, the experimental group had more sleep amount as compared to the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. Thus, the main hypothesis 2 was not supported. (3) Sub-hypothesis 1 was not supported. The mean state anxiety of the experimental group and control group were 42.3, 43.9 in scores. Thus, the experimental group had slightly lower state anxiety level than control group, howe-ver, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (4) Sub-hypothesis 2 was not supported. . The mean hormonal level of the experimental group and control group were 338 ㎍ and 440 ㎍ respectively. Thus, the experimental group showed decreased hormonal level than the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (5) Sub-hypothesis 3 was supported. The mean behavioral level of the experimental group and control group were 29.60 and 32.00 respectively in score. Thus, the experimental group showed lower behavioral change level than the control group. The difference was statistically significant at .05 level. In summary, the structured information did not influence the sleep amount, state anxiety or hormonal level of the subjects undergoing an open heart surgery at a statistically significant level, however, it showed a definite trends in their relationships, not least to mention its significant effect shown on behavioral change level. It can further be speculated that a great degree of individual differences in the variables such as sleep amount, state anxiety and fluctuation in hormonal level may partly be responsible for the statistical insensitivity to the experimentation.
본 연구는 가전제품 소매채널에 관한 소비자의 선호 및 이용행태를 조사하고 가전제품 구매 채널 현황과 소비자들의 점포선택과 만족도를 분석하여 소비자가 특정 채널에 대하여 가지고 있는 소위 channel equity에 대하여 탐색적으로 접근 하고자 한다. 분석결과 가전제품 멀티채널 쇼핑환경은 소비자로 하여금 채널별로 차별화된 구매 패턴과 쇼핑동기를 만들어 주고 있었다. 백화점이나 대리점은 품질의 우수성과 A/S 측면에서 우세하며 대형할인점, 양판점, TV홈쇼핑, 인터넷쇼핑몰, 전자제품 판매 상가는 가격적인 측면이 경쟁 우위로 조사되었다. 채널별 소비자 만족도에 있어서는 애프터서비스가 잘되고 있는 백화점이나 대리점 등이 만족도가 상대적으로 높은 소매 채널임을 알 수 있다. 채널 에퀴티의 구성요인은 가격 경쟁력과 비교구매, 이용편리성, A/S, 판매원의 전문성, 배송의 신속성, 제품 검색용이, 판매원의 친절성, 매장의 쾌적성, 교통 편리성 등을 들 수 있다. 백화점의 경우 거의 모든 요소에서 가장 높은 만족도를 가지고 있어 채널 에퀴티가 높게 평가되었다. 인터넷 쇼핑몰은 제품을 쉽게 검색할 수 있다는 점에서 우위에 있으며 TV홈쇼핑의 경우는 비교구매와 가격경쟁력에서 우위가 있음을 알 수 있었고 채널별로 채널 에퀴티를 구성하는 요인들의 상대적 비중은 매우 달랐다. 본 연구에서는 채널 만족도를 평가한 후 에퀴티 포트폴리오와 채널별 에퀴티 구성 결과를 제시하고 있으나 향후 채널 에퀴티의 개념과 관리 툴에 대한 본격적인 연구가 요망된다.
제조업에 있어서 판매 후 서비스 건수와 내용 등은 향후 서비스 제공을 위한 자원배분의 효율성 증진과 서비스 품질 향상을 위해서도 매우 중요한 정보이다. 따라서 기업들은 향후 발생하는 판매 후 서비스에 대해 정확히 예측하고 그에 따라 적절히 대처하는 능력을 확보할 필요성이 제조업을 중심으로 증가하고 있다. 그러나 실제로 이들 기업들이 활용하고 있는 서비스 수요예측 방법들은 전통적인 통계적인 예측기법이거나, 시뮬레이션을 기반한 기법들이다. 예를 들면, 전통적인 통계적인 예측기법으로는 회귀분석(regression analysis)의 경우, 다양한 제품모델에 대한 판매 후 서비스 발생 패턴이 선형적인 관계가 매우 적음에도 불구하고 선형으로 가정하여 추정한다는 점과 적정한 회귀식을 가정하여야 되며, 이러한 가정이 실제 경영환경에서는 매우 어렵다는 점 등이 기존의 예측기법들의 한계점으로 지적되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 디지털 TV 모델을 생산 판매 하는 A사의 사례연구를 통하여 최근 인공지능연구에서 각광을 받고 있는 사례기반추론(case-based reasoning; CBR) 기법을 활용한 서비스 수요예측 프레임워크를 제안하고자 한다. 또한, 사례기반추론에서 핵심적인 역할 중 하나인 유사 사례추출 방법에 있어서 가장 일반적인 nearest-neighbor 방법 이외의 유사 사례추출 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 특히, 본 연구에서 제안하는 유사 사례추출 방법은 인공신경망(artificial neural network)을 활용한 자기조직화지도(Self-Organizing Maps : SOM) 군집화 기법을 활용한 유사 사례추출 방식으로 이를 활용한 서비스 수요예측 프레임워크에 구현하고, 실제 기업의 판매 후 서비스 데이터를 활용하여 본 연구에서 제안하는 서비스 수요 예측 프레임워크의 유효성을 실증적으로 검증하고자 한다.
본 연구는 최근 4차산업 혁명의 산물로 대두되고 있는 자율주행차가 대중교통 수단인 택시로 이용될 때 해석수준과 메시지 프레이밍에 따른 사용 의도의 차이를 분석하는 것이다. 해석수준이란 가까운 미래에 발생한 일과 먼 미래에 발생할 일을 가정하여 어떤 제품이나 서비스를 해석하는 것이 다르다는 것을 말한다. 메시지 프레이밍이란 긍정 혹은 부정의 표현 또는 혜택, 손실의 양극단의 메시지를 구성한 것을 말한다. 즉, 기존연구에서는 이 두 개념에 따라 제품이나 서비스의 가치를 다르게 해석한다고 한다. 본 연구는 자율주행차가 택시로 출시될 때 두 개념을 적용할 경우 사용 의도의 차이를 보이는지 살펴보고자 한다. 결과를 요약하면 우선, 메시지 프레이밍 구성에서 자율주행 택시를 이용할 경우 혜택(Gain)과 왜(Why) 사용해야 하는지를 설명한 메시지 형식과 자율주행 택시를 이용하지 않았을 경우 손실(Loss)와 어떻게(How)를 강조한 메시지를 구성하여 비교해 보았다. 두 메시지 프레이밍은 차이를 보였으며(t= 3.063) 혜택(Gain)과 왜(Why)를 설명한 메시지 형태가 더 높은 사용 의도를 보였다. 또한, 해석수준에 따른 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 혜택(Gain) 및 손실(Loss)에 대한 먼 미래와 가까운 미래에 발생할 것을 가정한 경우 사용 의도에 차이가 있었으며, 구체적으로 혜택(Gain)을 설명한 메시지와 먼 미래에 발생할 것을 가정한 경우가 사용 의도가 높았다. 요약하면 자율주행 택시의 사용 의도를 높이기 위해서는 긍정의 메시지(Gain)와 먼 미래에 일어날 수 있는 것을 가정하여 사람들에게 메시지를 전달해야 한다는 결론이다. 또한, 본 연구를 통하여 향후 신기술의 출현에 대한 사용 의도 연구 시 연구방법을 활용할 수 있을 것이다.
Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.