• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.397-406
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• 2000

In order to clarify the ecophysiological characteristics of Chenopodiaceae which widely distribute on saline and arid habitats, we collected 10 chenopodiaceous plant species, examined their inorganic and organic solute patterns, and confirmed several common physiological characteristics. In spite of high soil Ca/sup 2＋/ contents, chenopodiaceous plants had a little water-soluble Ca within cells, but contained high contents of acid-soluble Ca particularly as a result of Ca-oxalate formation. These plant species also showed accumulation of inorganic ions such as K/sup ＋/, NO₃/sup －/ and Cl/sup －/, and Na/sup ＋/especially in saline habitats instead of K/sup ＋/ Meanwhile, with respect to nitrogen metabolism they retained high N contents in leaves, but showed very low amino acid contents. Additionally, they contained very little proline known to act as a cytoplasmic osmolyte. To ascertain whether this physiological characteristics in the field also can be found under controlled conditions, 7 chenopodiaceous plants (Atriplex gmelini, Corispermum stauntonii, Salicornia herbacea, Suaeda aspayagoides, Suaeda japonica, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, C. serotinum) were selected and cultivated under salt treatments. As well as field-grown plants, selected plant species showed similar solute pattern in growth experiment. In summary, the family of Chenopodiaceae represents the following physiological properties; high storage capacity for inorganic ions (especially alkali cations, nitrate and chloride), oxalate synthesis to maintain lower soluble Ca contents within cytoplasm, and low contents of amino acids. In addition to some characteristics mentioned above, the physiological plasticities of Chenopodiaceae which can properly regulate their ion and solute pattern according to soil conditions may enable its representative to grow in dry sand dune and salt marsh habitats.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.35-52
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• 2014

This study analyzed the 12 different technology home economics textbooks I, II for middle school students and the content systems of the textbooks by 7 instructional strategies in Reigeluth's elaboration theory. The units analyzed were 'Clothing and self-expression' and 'Eco-friendly clothing life and recycling by reform'. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for the development of textbooks and teaching materials by analyzing current textbooks. Researchers analyzed the textbooks individually using pre-developed analysis frame using Reigeluth's elaboration theory. The results of the study were as follows. The conceptual elaboration process was used in the unit of 'Clothing and self-expression' of all the textbooks used in this study, and procedural elaboration process was mostly used in the unit of 'Eco-friendly clothing life and recycling by reform'. The strategies of advance learning ability were presented mostly in the forms of 'Learning Objective', 'Thought Opening', 'Key terms' in either unit and sub unit. The strategies of summarizer were presented as 'Unit Summary', 'Cleanup' and 'Assessment'. The strategies of synthesizer were used in all the textbooks as the 'Exploration' to increase the students interest through the promotion of the learning content in a variety of activities and projects. The cognitive activator strategies were shown in all of the textbooks using mostly 'Figure,' and others such as 'Table,' 'Diagram', and 'Explanation of Terms'. The strategies of learner control were used to guide the supplement and deepen the learning by various forms. However the analogy strategies were hardly used in units of textbooks analyzed in this study. As a result, the technology home economics textbooks I, II for middle school students applied the Reigeluth's elaboration theory, except the analogy strategies. It is recommended to utilize th analogy strategies and various activities to enhance the students' understanding and participation.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2007

The study carried out a survey with employees of hospitals located in Daejeon, Chungnam, and Chungbuk from Sep. 12 to Sep. 30, 2005 in order to derive primary elements that affect the improvement of hospital's competitiveness. The study investigated and analyzed the employees' recognition on the change of competitive environment caused by the change of medical environment. The study also analyzed the elements that affect the hospital's competitiveness and the competitive strategies of the hospitals. The conclusion of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Summary 1) Most of the employees responded that there is a rival in the competitive environment and the competitive is intense. Especially when the employees are married, live in urban areas, have an education level of university graduate or are managers, they tend to think the competitive is very intense. Also, they said that the competitive is based upon the quality of medical service. They mentioned the element that has the biggest effect on the competitiveness is the element of medical consumer and they recognized that the medical services in university and general hospitals have more competitiveness than the one-department hospitals. 2) It was investigated that the medical technique service has the most effect on the hospital's competitiveness. Also, the external service of medical techniques also has a large effect on the hospital's competitiveness. 3) When they were asked for the factors that affect the patients' decision on selecting a hospital, most of them responded "capability and technique of the medical staffs." Also, they said that "sufficient explanation from doctors" and "special center and clinic" are the factors that have big effects on the patients' decision. 4) In the SWOT analysis, most of them responded that the strength is the hospital's characteristics and the weakness is insufficient and obsolete equipment. They said the opportunity is the demands for professional medical service and the risk is the intense competitive among the hospitals. 5) In the SWOT strategy, they emphasized the strategy that uses the opportunity and the strength and the strategy that uses the opportunity while overcoming the weakness. 6) As for the basic competition strategy, most of them thought of the strategy of professionalizing the medical service most importantly. Next, they focused on the strategy of distinct service and the strategy of lower prime cost. 2. Conclusion 1) Because service competition between hospitals is happening seriously, need competitiveness security through right awareness transfer and satisfaction upgrade about medical consumer. 2) For medical technique service upgrade that equip Hospital's competitiveness but affects most, must solidify the countermeasure because professionalizing the medical service and newest medical technique induction should be achieved first, and compose task force for the external service of medical techniques improvement. 3) To improve SWOT of hospital, opportunity and the strength strategy choice that rescue hospital's characteristics heightening professionalizing the medical service level is fancied. 4) As for the basic competition strategy, will have to try in phase triangular position of hospital which is trusted medical level upgrade and excellent manpower security and finance independence through upgrade. The study was only done with hospitals in Daejeon, Chungnam and Chungbuk. Also, it is a study from the side of suppliers of medical service so there are limitations. However, the significance of the study is to present the basic data for improvement of hospital's competitiveness by examining the importance of medical techniques and external service of medical techniques that are the main effects on the improvement of hospital's competitiveness.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.4457-4463
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• 2015

Common genetic variation Q192R in the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene has been considered to be implicated in the development of many cancers. Nevertheless, results from the related studies were inconsistent. To elucidate the association, we performed a meta-analysis for 8,112 cases and 10,037 controls from 32 published case-control studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association by STATA 12.0 software. Overall, we revealed that the PON1-192R allele was associated with a reduced risk of the overall cancers. Moreover, in the stratified analysis by cancer types (breast cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer etc.), the results showed that PON1-192R allele was associated with a decreased risk in breast cancer (R vs Q: OR=0.605, 95% CI=0.378-0.967, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$; RR vs QQ: OR=0.494, 95% CI=0.275-0.888, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.002$; RQ vs QQ: OR=0.465, 95% CI=0.259-0.835, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$; and RR+RQ vs QQ: OR=0.485, 95% CI=0.274-0.857, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$), and associated with prostate cancer in homozygote (RR vs QQ: OR=0.475, 95% CI=0.251-0.897, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.001$) and recessive models (RR vs RQ+QQ: OR=0.379, 95% CI=0.169-0.853, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$), while an increased risk was identified in lymphoma (R vs Q: OR=1.537, 95% CI=1.246-1.896, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.944$; RR vs QQ: OR=2.987, 95% CI=1.861-4.795, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.350$; RR+RQ vs QQ: OR=1.354, 95% CI=1.021-1.796, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.824$; and RR vs RQ+QQ: OR=2.934, 95% CI=1.869-4.605, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.433$), and an increased risk in prostate cancer under heterozygote comparison (RQ vs QQ: OR=1.782, 95% CI=1.077-2.950, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$) and dominant models (RR+RQ vs QQ: OR=1.281, 95% CI=1.044-1.573, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.056$). When subgroup analysis that performed by the control source (hospital based or population based), a decreased risk of the overall cancers was revealed by homozygote (RR vs QQ: OR=0.601, 95% CI=0.366-0.987, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$) and dominant models (RR vs RQ+QQ: OR= 0.611, 95% CI=0.384-0.973, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$) in hospital based group. Stratifying by ethnicity, a significantly reduced risk of the overall cancers under allele contrast model (R vs Q: OR=0.788, 95% CI=0.626-0.993, $P_{heterogeneity}=0.000$) was uncovered in Caucasian. In summary, these findings suggested that PON1 Q192R polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of the overall cancers, nevertheless, it might increase cancer susceptibility of prostate and lymphoma risk. Large well-designed epidemiological studies will be continued on this issue of interest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.658-663
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on utilizations of various minerals, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn. Intakes, serum levels, and excretions of these minerals were analyzed and compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of iron requirement (Fe, 2Fe, 4Fe groups) for 6 weeks. The feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe of 2Fe group was significantly lower than other two groups, and serum Zn of 4Fe group was highest. Mineral intakes were not significantly different among three groups. With iron supplementation, urinary excretions of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn were elevated, but fecal excretions of minerals were not significantly different. And the daily retentions of Na and Fe were significantly elevated, but apparent absorbabilities of minerals were not significantly different. In summary, according to iron supplementation, mineral absorbabilities were not different but urinary excretions of some minerals were increased. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate iron intake and well-balanced diet are more desirable than nutrient supplementation for mineral balance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.22-30
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the Solar Radiation(SR) and the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) under the shades of the three landscaping trees in clear summer daytimes. The trees were Lagerstroemia indica, Quercus palustris and Ulmus parvifolia. The solar radiation, the globe temperature and the air temperature were recorded every minute from the $1^{st}$ of April to the $30^{th}$ of September 2013 at a height of 1.1m above on the four monitoring stations, with four same measuring system consisting of a solar radiation sensor, two resistance temperature detectors(Pt-100), a black brass globe (${\phi}50mm$) and data acquisition systems. At the same time, the sky view photos were taken automatically hourly by three scouting cameras(lens angle: $60^{\circ}$) fixed at each monitoring station. Based on the 258 daily sky view photos and 6,640 records of middays(10 A.M.~2 P.M.) from the $1^{st}$ of June to the $30^{th}$ of August, the time serial differences of SR and MRT under the trees were analysed and compared with those of open sky, The major findings were as follows; 1. The average ratio of sky views screened by the canopies of Quercus palustris, Lagerstroemia indica and Ulmus parvifolia were 99%, 98% and 97%, and the SR were $106W/m^2$, $163W/m^2$ and $202W/m^2$ respectively, while the SR of open sky was $823W/m^2$. Which shows the canopies blocked at least 70% of natural SR. 2. The average MRT under the canopies of Quercus palustris, Lagerstroemia indica and Ulmus parvifolia were $30.34^{\circ}C$, $33.34^{\circ}C$ and $34.77^{\circ}C$ respectively, while that of open sky was $46.0^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it can be said that the tree canopies can reduce the MRT around $10{\sim}16^{\circ}C$. 3. The regression test showed significant linear relationship between the SR and MRT. In summary, the performances of the landscaping shade trees were very good at screening the SR and reducing the MRT at the outdoor of summer middays. Therefore, it can be apparently said that the more shade trees or forest at the outdoor, the more effective in conditioning the outdoor space reducing the MRT and the useless SR for human activities in summertime.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.84-95
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• 2013

Recently, to prevent damage to the landscape, outstanding landscape areas have been designated in advance. In particular, as a fundamental way to evaluate landscape elements, landscape diversity is an important criterion to assess an area with a high conservative value. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a quantitative evaluation model of landscape diversity based on landscape elements and to verify the model by applying it to the study sites. The assessment indicators derived from the literature analysis are topography, vegetation, land-use pattern, and unusual landscape. Topography diversity is subdivided into land undulation and land-form. Vegetation diversity is subdivided into plant community diversity and stratification diversity. To quantitatively analyse each indicator's diversity, SHDI was selected as the central metric. All of the quantitative measures were implemented by using the statistical tool, FRAGSTATS. Through the process of each indicator's standardization and summary, the final landscape diversity index was calculated. The results of the study are significant as it was the initial study of landscape diversity evaluation to seek applicability. However, the results of the Landscape Diversity Evaluation Model in this study based on 4 indicators synthetically demonstrate that more than one or two outstanding indicators can be underrated. Therefore, each 4 assessment indicator results should be considered individually. Furthermore, using the maximum value for each indicator's standardization reflects that it is necessary to analyse various examples to obtain higher objectivity later.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.87-96
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• 2017

This study focuses on the Andong Hahoe Village and seeks to identify the shape of the walls since the 1970s. The change of walls can be divided into four periods based on characteristics of materials, shape and distribution. The following is a summary of the results: First, In the 1970s, when Andong Hahoe Village was not designated as a cultural heritage, roof tiles hung on the earthen walls in the middle of the village were major forms. On the outside of the village, rice straw and pine needles were put on the earthen walls or bush clover walls were put in place around if walls were not built. Second, after being designated as a cultural heritage in the 1980s, readjustments for cultural heritages were carried out at the primary stage. However, the distribution of cultural heritages and major changes were not determined at this time since readjustments were mainly focused on the renovation of derelict houses or maintenance of infrastructures. Third, in the past the use of stone bricks for the Hahoe Village site had been difficult, but in the 1990s, replacements with soil-stone walls were identified and the usage of roof tiles increased. The portion of earthen walls, which used to be the major form in the prior era, decreased and this seems to have continued until the 2000s. Fourth, via a field survey, it was found that most of Hahoe village walls consisted of soil cement bricks mixed with cement, steel, lime, gravel. etc. Also, the scope of straw-stricken walls and bush clover walls were reduced to a section of area outside of the village. Fifth, from the 1970s to the present, there were changes to the walls in Hahoe Village including an increase in usages of new materials and an expansion of houses with tiled roofs on top in accordance with the replacement of walls of existing houses. Relevant reasons for this have been identified, such as the fading value of Fungsui(風水) and lack of original records, insufficient awareness and expertise in non-building areas, and the relationship between residents on repairing the wall.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1998

The greenhouse temperature controls in general have been managed by the above-ground part environment, But the temperature of root zone was known very important factor for the 9rofth and the yield of vegetables in greenhouse. The purpose of this study is to develop a good method for cultivation using solar energy which can apply warming soil and to develop the greenhouse soil temperature automatic control system. Followings are summary of this study：1 When the greenhouse inner temperature changes were about 24$^{\circ}C$ during a day in October, the temperature of non-warmed soil was differenced 6$^{\circ}C$ in the depth 10cm and 3$^{\circ}C$ in the depth 20cm. 2. When water supply temperature was kept at 40, 50 and 6$0^{\circ}C$, the lowest soil temperature in the depth of 10cm is 2$0^{\circ}C$ and that of 20cm was 23$^{\circ}C$. and when the water supply temperature was over 4$0^{\circ}C$, the space heating temperature did not affect the temperature variation of soil. 3. In comparison with conditions of the warmed and non-warmed soil, when the water supply temperature is 28$^{\circ}C$, soil temperatures had the high temperature of 4$0^{\circ}C$~7$^{\circ}C$ in the depth of 10cm to 20 cm. 4. The line of boundary area was appeared in the depth of 15~20cm, 13~19cm and 12~17cm. when the water supply temperature was 4$0^{\circ}C$, 5$0^{\circ}C$ and 6$0^{\circ}C$. 5. When th inner greenhouse air temperature is maintained over 11$^{\circ}C$ and the water supply temperature is supported 28$^{\circ}C$, the lowest temperature is kept up over 2$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.32
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• pp.313-336
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• 1997

Nineteen stimulus photograghs varied in hue and color scheme of one clothing style of Korean dress worn by a female were used to investigate the effect of color color scheme and structure on impression formation for Korean dress. Subjects were 77 male and 86 female undergraduate and graduate students. The stimuli c9onsisted of two sets(cool and warm) of four similar color schemes two sets (cool and warm in Chima color) of five contrasting color schemes and one extra stimulus triad 3 hue base. Structures were de-fined by color schemes of Kit.Korum toward the color schemes of Jokori and Chima. Stimu-lus photogragh selected from Korean dress fashion magazines was managed and varied in hues and color schemes to Kit Korum Jokori and Chima according to Korean Standard Color through scanning and Adobe photoshop 3.0 program and then pictured through slide printer(HR-6000). Each subject assessed 19 stimulus color photographs with incorporated 7 point semantic differential response scale. The data were analyzed by frequency mean factor analysis t-test ANOVA and Scheffe test. Results indicate impression ofrmations are af-fected by clothing cues. 1) Four factors emerged to account for dimensional structure of impressions of female features on Korean dress. These four factors were titled as(1) preference.evaluation (2) individuality.attention (3) youth and (4) friendshio. The preference.evaluation factor was the largest including eleven adjectives and accounting for 29.62% of the variances. 2) Almost every clothing cue(color, color scheme, structure) had some effects on im-pressions formed But the color of Chima did not form the effects on impression of prefer-ence.evaluation factor. The effect of related color scheme was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of preference.evalation factor and friendship factor whereas the ef-fect of contrasting color scheme was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of indi-viduality.attention factor and youth factor. The effect of cool color of Chima was the most influential clothing cue on impression of indi-viduality.attention factor whereas the effect of warm color of Chima was the most influen-tial clothing cue on impressions of youth factor and friendship factor. The effect of Jokori/Chima.Kit.Korum structure was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of pref-erence.evaluation factor and youth factor whereas the effect of Kit.Korum/Jokori.Chima structure was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of individuality.attention factor and friendship factor. 3) The interaction effects were appeared among clothing cues. Significant interaction effects between color schemes(similar and contrasting) and colors of Chima(cool and warm were appeared on impressions of prefer-ence.evaluation factor imdividuality.atten-tion factor and friendship factor, Significant interaction effects between color schemes (similar and contrasting) and structures (Jokori.Chima.Kit.Korum; Jokori.Kit.Koru-m/Chima;Jokori/Chima.Kit.Korum;Kit.Korum/Jokori.Chima) were appeared on impressions of preference.evaluation factor youth factor and friendship factor. Signifi-cant interaction effects between colors(cool and warm) and structures were appeared on impressions of individuality.attention factor youth factor and friendship factor. Sighifi-cant interaction effects between colors(cool and warm) and structures were appeared on impressions of individuality.attention factor youth factor and friendship factor. Significant interaction effects among clothing cues(color color schemes and structures) were appeared on all impression factors. The friendship factor was the most friquently affected impression factor by interaction effects among clothing cues. In summary the clothing was used as nonverbal cues in the effect on impression for-mation of female dressed in Korean dress. it concluded that color schemes worked as cen-tral traits and colors of Chima and structures worked as peripheral traits in the formation of impression of the female clothed in Korean dress. hence organizing our impressions with respect to the parts of the Korean dress in re-lation to the whole holistic perceptual pro-cess Gestalt approach was used and supported.