• Journal of Breast Disease
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.52-59
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether clinicopathological factors are potentially associated with successful breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and develop a nomogram for predicting successful BCS candidates, focusing on those who are diagnosed with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative tumors during the pre-NAC period. Methods: The training cohort included 239 patients with an HR-positive, HER2-negative tumor (${\geq}3cm$), and all of these patients had received NAC. Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: diffuse, suspicious, malignant microcalcification (extent >4 cm); multicentric or multifocal breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; distant metastases at the time of diagnosis; excisional biopsy prior to NAC; and bilateral breast cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the possible predictors of BCS eligibility after NAC, and the regression model was used to develop the predicting nomogram. This nomogram was built using the training cohort (n=239) and was later validated with an independent validation cohort (n=123). Results: Small tumor size (p<0.001) at initial diagnosis, long distance from the nipple (p=0.002), high body mass index (p=0.001), and weak positivity for progesterone receptor (p=0.037) were found to be four independent predictors of an increased probability of BCS after NAC; further, these variables were used as covariates in developing the nomogram. For the training and validation cohorts, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.833 and 0.786, respectively; these values demonstrate the potential predictive power of this nomogram. Conclusion: This study established a new nomogram to predict successful BCS in patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Given that chemotherapy is an option with unreliable outcomes for this subtype, this nomogram may be used to select patients for NAC followed by successful BCS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.321-325
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• 1996

Mutants having altered levels and/or types of EPS in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis were isolated after NTG mutagenesis of Zoogloea ramigera 115SLR. Mutant candidates were classfied with five groups based on the observed characteristics for EPS biosynthesis pattern. The recombinant plasmids pLEX3BS and pLEX3BM were constructed from pEX3B which was previously isolated from genomic DNA of Z. ramigera 115SLR. Plasmid pLEX3BM with a 7.8 kb insert DNA contains an additional 1.8kb DNA fragment which is not present in pLEX3BS containing 13 kb insert DNA. Plasmid pLEX3BM was able to complement the mutation responsible for the changes in morphology of Z. ramigera 115SLR. However, the complementation of EPS negative mutant strains was not successful with pLEX3BM. Plasmid pLEX3BS on the other hand complemented the mutation responsible for the loss of EPS biosynthesis, resulting in the restoration of Z. ramigera 115SLR phenotype. But this plasmid was not able to complement the morphological mutant strain, Z. ramigera 115SLR.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.65-79
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• 2007

Purpose : It was to find out demand and supply of EMT from 2007 to 2045 and to expand scope of practice of paramedic in Korea. Methods : This study was conducted by applying a projection formula to the data from admission quota for EMT of the Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, rate of successful candidates of annual report of the National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board etc. Results : The number of EMTs were 6,043 paramedics, 5,378 EMT-Bs until 2006 and two produce constants derived from simple estimation were paramedic 0.81, EMT-B 0.86. On the American basis of 5.6 EMTs per 10,000, the number of paramedics under the present act will reach the basis around 2015(5.02), the number of paramedics under the amended act will reach the basis around 2030(5.50). Conclusion : There was relationship between scope of practice of paramedic in the act and demand-supply of paramedic, this necessitates surveys, studies, amendment of the act, legalization for expanded scope of practice of paramedic.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2012

An in-situ optical monitoring method for real-time process monitoring of electrochemical copper deposition (CED) is presented. Process variables to be controlled in achieving desired process results are numerous in the CED process, and the importance of the chemical bath conditions cannot be overemphasized for a successful process. Conventional monitoring of the chemical solution for CED relies on the pH value of the solution, electrical voltage level for the reduction of metal cations, and gravity measurement by immersing sensors into a plating bath. We propose a nonintrusive optical monitoring technique using three types of optical sensors such as chromatic sensors and UV/VIS spectroscopy sensors as potential candidates as a feasible optical monitoring method. By monitoring the color of the plating solution in the bath, we revealed that optically acquired information is strongly related to the thickness of the deposited copper on the wafers, and that the chromatic information is inversely proportional to the ratio of $Cu$ (111) and {$Cu$ (111)+$Cu$ (200)}, which can used to measure the quality of the chemical solution for electrochemical copper deposition in advanced interconnection technology.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.326-338
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• 2009

In this paper, we argue that characteristics of ubiquitous business are different from those of e-business or m-business. We have developed a u-business model development framework incorporating the concept of value co-creation experiences, which is a core of the ubiquitous business paradigm. The framework of u-business model development presented in this paper consists of eight steps such as defining of domain, discovery of opportunity nucleus, defining of potential co-creation experience environment, deriving candidates of u-business services, selecting u-business killer services, defining value propositions of u-business killer services, defining u-business killer service offerings, and drawing a resource map of u-business killer services. The proposed u-business model development framework offers useful guidelines for practitioners to develop successful u-business models under a ubiquitous business paradigm.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.492-495
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• 1999

In this paper, a research is focused on implementation of the handwritten Korean-character recognition system using a neural coprocessor for PDA application. The proposed coprocessor is composed of a digital neural network called DMNN and a RISC-based dedicated controller in order to achieve high speed as well as compactness. Two neural networks are used for recognition, one for stroke classification out of extended 11 strokes and the other for grapheme classification. Our experimental result shows that the successful recognition rate of 92.1% over 3,000 characters written by 10 persons can be obtained. Moreover, it can be improved to 95.3% when four candidates are considered. The design verification of tile proposed neural coprocessor is conducted using the ASIC emulator for further hardware implementation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 1997

The most critical factor in determining which type of implant to be used would be the available bone of the patient. Usually a minimum of 5mm in the bone width and 8mm in the bone height is necessary to ensure primary implant stability and maintain the integrity of bone contact surface. Placement of implant is limited by the several anatomic strutures such as maxillary sinus, floor of the nose, inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle and nasopalatine foramen, etc. When severe resorption of alveolar ridge is encountered, implant placement would be a problematic procedure. A number of techniques to improve the poor anatomic situations have been proposed. This article reports 4 cases of patients using surgical procedures such as blade implant technique, cortical split technique in the anterior maxillary area, sinus lifting and lateral repositioning of inferior alveolar nerve, We treated dental implant candidates with unfavorable alveolar ridge utilizing various surgical techniques, resulted in successful rehabilitation of edentulous ridge.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2013

As microvascular techniques continue to improve, perforator flap free tissue transfer is now the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction. Various options are available for breast reconstruction with autologous tissue. These include the free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, superficial inferior epigastric artery flap, superior gluteal artery perforator flap, and transverse/vertical upper gracilis flap. In addition, pedicled flaps can be very successful in the right hands and the right patient, such as the pedicled TRAM flap, latissimus dorsi flap, and thoracodorsal artery perforator. Each flap comes with its own advantages and disadvantages related to tissue properties and donor-site morbidity. Currently, the problem is how to determine the most appropriate flap for a particular patient among those potential candidates. Based on a thorough review of the literature and accumulated experiences in the author's institution, this article provides a logical approach to autologous breast reconstruction. The algorithms presented here can be helpful to customize breast reconstruction to individual patient needs.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2017

Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) causes bacterial wilt, and it is one of the most important soil-borne plant pathogenic bacteria. RSSC has a large host range of more than 50 botanical families, which represent more than 200 plant species, including tomato. It is difficult to control bacterial wilt due to following reasons: the bacterial wilt pathogen can grow inside the plant tissue, and it can also survive in soil for a long period; moreover, it has a wide host range and biological diversity. In most previous studies, scientists have focused on developing biological control agents, such as antagonistic microorganisms and botanical materials. However, biocontrol attempts are not successful. Plant-derived metabolites and extracts have been promising candidates to environmentally friendly control bacterial wilt diseases. Therefore, we review the plant extracts, essential oils, and secondary metabolites that show potent in vivo antibacterial activities (in potted plants or in field) against tomato bacterial wilt, which is caused by RSSC.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.160-166
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• 2007

Novel multiblock copolymers, based on segmented sulfonated hydrophilic-hydrophobic blocks, were synthesized and investigated for their application as proton exchange membranes. A series of segmented sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-b-polyimide multiblock copolymers, with various block lengths, were synthesized via the coupling reaction between the terminal amine moieties on the hydrophilic blocks and naphthalene anhydride functionalized hydrophobic blocks. Successful imidization reactions required a mixed solvent system, comprised of NMP and m-cresol, in the presence of catalysts. Proton conductivity measurements revealed that the proton conductivity improved with increasing hydrophilic and hydrophobic block lengths. The morphological structure of the multiblock copolymers was investigated using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM). The AFM images of the copolymers demonstrated well-defined nanophase separated morphologies, with the changes in the block length having a pronounced effect on the phase separated morphologies of the system. The self diffusion coefficient of water, as measured by $^1H$ NMR, provided a better understanding of the transport process. Thus, the block copolymers showed higher values than Nafion, and comparable proton conductivities in liquid water, as well as under partially hydrated conditions at $80^{\circ}C$. The new materials are strong candidates for use in PEM systems.