• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제22권12호
• /
• pp.1639-1644
• /
• 2018

전기자동차는 엔진 소음을 발생시키지 않는다. 엔진 소리가 없으면 보행자의 안전과 운전자의 주행 상태 인지에 문제를 가져온다. 이러한 문제를 피하기 위해 전기자동차 제조업체는 보통 샘플링 방식으로 엔진 소리를 녹음하여 재생하는 방식으로 엔진소리를 만들어 만든다. 그러나 샘플링 방식의 엔진 소리는 자연적인 엔진 소리를 만드는 것에 몇 가지 제한을 가진다. 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 우리는 소프트웨어 신디사이저를 이용하는 두 가지 방법을 연구했다. 그 둘은 감산형(subtractive)신디사이징과 웨이브테이블(wavetable) 신디사이징 방식으로 실제 엔진, 샘플링 방식, 감산형 방식과 비교한 결과 웨이브테이블 신디사이징 방식이 실제 엔진소리와 가장 유사함을 발견했다. 또한 데이터 사용과 제작비용에서 샘플링방식과 감산형 신디사이징 방식에 비해 유리함을 확인했다.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.100-107
• /
• 2007

The moss Physcomitrella patens has two life cycles, filamentous protonema and leafy gametophore. A modified from of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), mirror orientation selection (MOS), was applied to screen genes differentially expressed in the P. patens protonema. Using reverse Northern blot analysis, differentially expressed clones were identified. The identified genes were involved mainly in metal binding and detoxification. One of these genes was an AP2 (APETALA2) domain-containing protein (PpACP1), which was highly up-regulated in the protonema. Alignment with other AP2/EREBPs (Ethylene Responsive Element Binding Proteins) revealed significant sequence homology of the deduced amino acid sequence in the AP2/EREBP DNA binding domain. Northern analysis under various stress conditions showed that PpACP1 was induced by ethephon, cadmium, copper, ABA, IAA, and cold. In addition, it was highly expressed in suspension-cultured protonema. We suggest that PpACP1 is involved in responses to metals, and that suspension culture enhance the expression of genes responding to metals.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
• /
• 제4권4호
• /
• pp.438-447
• /
• 2006

Fuzzy controller's design depends mainly on the rule base and membership functions over the controller's input and output ranges. This paper presents two different approaches to deal with these design issues. A simple and efficient approach; namely, Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering is used to identify the rule base needed to realize Fuzzy PI and PD type controllers. This technique provides a mechanism to obtain the reduced rule set covering the whole input/output space as well as membership functions for each input variable. But it is found that some membership functions projected from different clusters have high degree of similarity. The number of membership functions of each input variable is then reduced using a similarity measure. In this paper, the fuzzy subtractive clustering approach is shown to reduce 49 rules to 8 rules and number of membership functions to 4 and 6 for input variables (error and change in error) maintaining almost the same level of performance. Simulation on a wide range of linear and nonlinear processes is carried out and results are compared with fuzzy PI and PD type controllers without clustering in terms of several performance measures such as peak overshoot, settling time, rise time, integral absolute error (IAE) and integral-of-time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) and in each case the proposed schemes shows an identical performance.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.17
• /
• pp.61-64
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we investigated the variations of initial fault current limiting instant according to fault angles in the flux-lock type SFCL. The flux-lock type SFCL consists of the coil 1 and the coil 2 that are wound in parallel each other through an iron core. The operation of the flux-lock type SFCL can be divided into the subtractive polarity winding and the additive polarity winding operations according to the winding directions between the coil 1 and coil 2. The subtractive polarity winding operation could be analyzed with three modes. On the other hand, the additive polarity winding operation could be analyzed with five modes. The variations of initial fault current limiting instant in two winding directions were dependent on the fault angles. It was confirmed from experiment that the fault current limiting instant was getting faster and the magnitude of fault current at the initial fault time was getting higher for higher fault angle.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제40권6호
• /
• pp.986-1001
• /
• 2007

Cold acclimation improves freezing tolerance in plants. In higher plants, many advances have been made toward identifying the signaling and regulatory pathways that direct the low-temperature stress response; however, similar insights have not yet been gained for simple nonvascular plants, such as bryophytes. To elucidate the pathways that regulate cold acclimation in bryophytes, we used two PCR-based differential screening techniques, cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), to isolate 510 ESTs that are differentially expressed during cold acclimation in Physcomitrella patens. We used realtime RT-PCR to further analyze expression of 29 of these transcripts during cold acclimation. Our results show that cold acclimation in the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens is not only largely similar to higher plants but also displays distinct differences, suggests significant alteration during the evolution of land plants.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.34-42
• /
• 2003

The ascomycete Magnaporthe grisea is a pathogen of rice blast and is known to form specialized infection structures called appressoria for successful infection into host cells. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying infection process, appressorium-related genes were identified through global approaches including EST sequencing, differential hybridization, and sup-pression subtractive hybridization. EST database was generated on >2,000 cDNA clones randomly selected from appressorium stage cDNA library. Large number of ESTs showed homology to known proteins possibly involved in infection-related cellular development (attachment, germination, appressorium formation, and colonization) of rice blast fungus. The 1051 ESTs showing significant homology to known genes were assigned to 11 functional categories. Differential hybridization and suppression subtractive hybridization were applied to identify genes showing an appressorium stage specific expression pattern. A number of genes were selected as up-regulated during appressorium formation compared with the vegetative growing stage. Clones from various cDNA libraries constructed in different developmental stages were arrayed on slide glass for further expression profiling study. functional characterization of genes identified from these global approaches may lead to a better understand-ing of the infection process of this devastating plant disease, and the development of novel ways to protect host plant.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 2016

Aires Mateus Architects is one of the most well-known Portuguese architects after $\acute{A}lvaro$ Siza and Eduardo Souto de Moura. The studio shows clear design methods in which the relationship between solid mass and void space are creatively inter-connected. Subtractive transformation of form is the fundamental aspect of this relationship. Most of Aires Mateus' projects were designed based on the subtractive method. Although subtraction can be seen as architectural formal presentation, in Aires Mateus' cases, there are deeper logics, strategies, and meanings. Not only to create a form, subtractive method has been flexibly used to organize and compose different programs and spatial atmosphere. To examine this hidden dimension of Aires Mateus' unique design process, 5 case projects were selected and analyzed in detail based on program, light & visual-perception, and site's placeness. From the case study results, it is found that there are much deeper role of subtraction: relationship between solid-void are constantly changing to generate serviced and servant spaces, there are central spaces that are contrast against the complexity of exterior forms, aiming to build an archetypal form that transcends ever-changing time, ambivalent balance between universality and peculiarity in the genealogy of contemporary architecture. The study concluded that the unique characteristics of subtraction method as design organization have various possibilities that can apply on other architectural and interior projects which would have similar ideas and circumstances.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.60-66
• /
• 2006

Methylmercury (MeHg), one of the heavy metal compounds, can cause severe damage to the central nervous system in humans. Many reports have shown that MeHg is poisonous to human body through contaminated foods and has released into the environment. Despite many studies on the pathogenesis of MeHg-induced central neuropathy, no useful mechanism of toxicity has been established so far. This study, using of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method, was peformed to identify differentially expressed genes by MeHg in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. We prepared to total RNA from SH-SY5Y cells treated with solvent (DMSO) and $6.25\;{\mu}M\;(IC_{50})$ MeHg and performed forward and reverse SSH. Differentially expressed cDNA clones were screened by dot blot, sequenced and confirmed that individual clones indeed represent differentially expressed genes with real time RT-PCR. These sequences were identified by BLAST homology search to known genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Analysis of these sequences may provide an insight into the biological effects of MeHg in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease and a possibility to develop more efficient and exact monitoring system of heavy metals as ubiquitous environmental pollutants.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.5.1-5.13
• /
• 2023

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative aerobic diplococcus bacterium that primarily causes sexually transmitted infections through direct human sexual contact. It is a major public health threat due to its impact on reproductive health, the widespread presence of antimicrobial resistance, and the lack of a vaccine. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach and performed subtractive genomic methods to identify potential drug targets against the core proteome of N. gonorrhoeae (12 strains). In total, 12,300 protein sequences were retrieved, and paralogous proteins were removed using CD-HIT. The remaining sequences were analyzed for non-homology against the human proteome and gut microbiota, and screened for broad-spectrum analysis, druggability, and anti-target analysis. The proteins were also characterized for unique interactions between the host and pathogen through metabolic pathway analysis. Based on the subtractive genomic approach and subcellular localization, we identified one cytoplasmic protein, 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain-containing protein (NGFG RS03485), as a potential drug target. This protein could be further exploited for drug development to create new medications and therapeutic agents for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae infections.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 2007

본 논문에서는 화자식별을 위한 특징벡터의 새로운 클러스터링 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 클러스터 센터에 대한 초기값 설정과 클러스터 개수에 대한 사전 정보 없이 클러스터링이 가능하다. 각 클러스터 센터는 경계 차감 클러스터링 알고리즘으로 한 번에 한 개의 클러스터 센터가 추가됨으로써 순차적으로 구해지며, 클러스터 개수는 클러스터간의 상호관계를 조사하여 결정된다. 인공 생성 데이터 및 TIMIT 음성을 이용하여 실험한 결과로부터 제안된 방법이 기존의 방법보다 우수함을 확인하였다.