• Journal of Korean Vacuum Science & Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.50-54
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• 2000

We studied the synthesis of S $i_{1-x}$ Cx (x=0.016) epitaxial layer using ion implantation and solid phase epitaxy (SPE). The activation energy Ea was obtained for the loss of substitutional carbon using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). In FTIR analysis, the integrated peak intensity was used to quantify the loss of carbon atoms from substitutional to interstitial sites during annealing. The substitutional carbon contents in S $i_{0.984}$ $C_{0.016}$ were also measured using HR-XRD. By dynamic simulations of x-ray rocking curves, the fraction of substitutional carbon was obtained. The effects of annealing temperature and time were also studied by comparing vacuum furnace annealing with rapid thermal annealing (RTA))))))

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2014.03a
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• pp.412-414
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• 2014

In this study, we investigate atomic and electronic structure of graphene with substitutional impurities such as boron or nitrogen atom using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To investigate the effects of substitutional impurities in graphene, we consider a ($6{\times}6$) supercell of graphene in our calculations. For detailed electronic properties of graphene, we compare the energy band structure of B- or N-doped graphene with that of pristine graphene.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.1024-1027
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• 2002

In this study, we have investigated the substitutional effects of In ions with divalent ones in the $Srln_2O_4:Pr^{3+}$ phosphors and the relative change of the red and blue emissions. The substitutional Zn ions greatly intensified the blue emission band at 492 nm, but the red emission band at 608 nm was relatively less changed. On the other hand, Cd ions have no effect on the relative intensities. We explained the phenomena in connection with the distance of Pr-D, i.e., covalency experienced by a $Pr^{3+}$ion.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 2015

Objectives : The object of this paper is to seek and provide evidences for the possibilities of substitutional use of Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix for Moschus as an ingredient of Gongjin-dan by clarifying the similarities and differences among these herbs in the classic literatures. Methods : We have found out the features of Moschus, Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix by searching Qi, Flavor and Effect of each herb in 『Shennongbencaojing』, 『Zhengleibencao』, 『Bencaogangmu』, 『Dongeuibogam』, 『Bencaobeiyao』, 『Euijongsonik』 and 『Bangyakhappyeon』. And we have compared and analyzed the fomula of Gongjin-dan and other prescriptions in 『Beijiqianjinyaofang』, 『Shengjizonglu』, 『Shiyidexiaofang』, 『Dongeuibogam』, 『Euijongsonik』, 『Euibanghwaltu』 and 『Bangyakhappyeon』. Results : We could find out the similarities and differences in Qi, Flavor and Effect among Moschus, Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix. And we could also find the examples of substitutional use of Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum as an ingredient of Gongjin-dan by comparing the formula of Gongjin-dan in the classic literatures as above. And in the other prescription, Aucklandiae Radix was also used instead of Moschus. Conclusions : All of three herbs have pungent in Flavor and warm in Qi. And these herbs also have similar effects in dispersing invading pathogenic factors and smoothening the flow of Qi. And according to 『Bencaobeiyao』, 『Euijongsonik』 and 『Bangyakhappyeon』, Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix direct and regulate the Qi in common. The substitutional use of Aquilariae Resinatum Lignum and Aucklandiae Radix instead of Moschus in Gonjin-dan seems to be related to 'the ascent of Water and descent of Fire' effect of Gongjin-dan.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 2004

Effects of the annealing parameters on the formation of ferrites transformed at low temperatures were studied in cold-rolled ultra low carbon steels with niobium and/or chromium. Niobium and chromium were found to be effective in the formation of the low temperature transformation ferrites. The low temperature transformation ferrites more easily formed when both higher annealing temperature and longer annealing time, allowing substitutional alloying elements to distribute between phases, are in combination with faster cooling rate. It was found from EBSD study that the additions of niobium or chromium resulted in the increase in the numbers of high angle grain boundaries and the decrease in those of the low angle grain boundaries in the microstructures. Both granular bainitic ferrite and bainitic ferrite were characterized by the not clearly etched grain boundaries in light microscopy because of the low angle grain boundaries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.456-459
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• 2005

Continuous cooling transformation behaviors were studied fur low carbon HSLA steels containing three different level $(1\~3\;wt\%)$ of Ni addition. Thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) simulations to construct continuous cooling (CCT) diagram were conducted by using Gleeble system. As cooling rate increased, pearlite, granular bainite, acicular ferrite, bainitic ferrite and lath martensite were transformed from deformed austenite. Fully bainitic microstructure were developed at all cooling rate condition in high Ni containing steel due to hardenability increasing effects of Ni. Ni also influenced the transformation kinetics. At the slowest cooling rate of $0.3^{\circ}C/s$, transformation delayed with decreasing Ni contents because of the diffusion of substitutional alloy elements. However, cooling rate slightly increased to $1^{\circ}C/s$, transformation kinetics accelerated with decreasing Ni contents because nucleation of bainite was sluggish due to hardening of residual austenite.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 2013

Here, we report preparation of cyan ceramic nano-pigment for inkjet printing and the Ni substitutional effects on the cyan color. $MgAl_2O_4$ was selected as the crystalline host network for the synthesis of nickel-based cyan ceramic nano-pigments. Various compositions of $Ni_xMg_{1-x}Al_2O_4$ ($0{\leq}x{\leq}1$) powders were prepared using the polymerized complex method. The powder was then preheated at $400^{\circ}C$ for 5 h and finally calcined at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 5 h. XRD patterns of $Ni_xMg_{1-x}Al_2O_4$ showed a single phase of the spinel structure in all the compositions. The particle sizes ranged from 20 to 50 nm in TEM observations. The characteristics of the color tones of $Ni_xMg_{1-x}Al_2O_4$ were analyzed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ measurement. CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ measurement results indicate that the pigment color changes from light cyan to deep cyan due to the decrease of the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values with an increase of an Ni substitutional amount. In addition, the thermal stability and the binding nature of $Ni_xMg_{1-x}Al_2O_4$ are also discussed using TG-DSC and FT-IR results respectively.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 1998

D-raf, a Drosophila homolog of the human c-raf-1, is known as a signal transducer in cell proliferation and differentiation. A previous study found that the D-raf gene expression is regulated by the DNA replication-related element (DRE)/DRE-binding factor (DREF) system. In this study, we found the sequences homologous to transcription factor C/EBP, MyoD, STAT and Myc recognition sites in the D-raf promoter. We have generated various base substitutional mutations in these recognition sites and subsequently examined their effects on D-raf promoter activity through transient CAT assays in Kc cells with reporter plasmids p5'-878DrafCAT carrying the mutations in these binding sites. Through gel mobility shift assay using nuclear extracts of Kc cells, we detected factors binding to these recognition sites. Our results show that transcription factor C/EBP, STAT and Myc binding sites in D-raf promoter region play a positive role in transcriptional regulation of the D-raf gene and the Myo D binding site plays a negative role.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.51-56
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the fluidity and rheology property of superplasticizer which is necessary using for high flowing concrete fluidity establishment, by changing the substitutional ratio of 6 kinds, and examined the fluidity and rheology properties as time goes by. In the result of this study, the fluidity and rheology properties are differently found and on the effects of admixture for the fluidity, F type is superior and A type is lower than others. Besides, F type is the mose superior values in the time goings.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.4 no.S2
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• pp.34-39
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• 1995

we have studied the possibility of n-type doping in diamond and DLC films. After ion doping of either p-type or n-type, the electrical conductivities were remarkably increased and conductivity activation energies were decreased. The Raman intensity at 1330 cm-1 decreases slightly by ion doping of $7.2\times 10^{16}\; \textrm{cm}^{-2}$. The increase in conductivity by ion doping appears to be arised from the combined effects by substitutional doping and graphitization by ion damage.