• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2001

Substance P can stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis $factor-\;{\alpha}\;(TNF-\;{\alpha}\;)$ from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here I report that Chilbogeum can modulate cytokines secretion from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Chilbogeum $(10\;{\mu}g/ml)$ significantly inhibited the $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and Substance P. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. Treatment of Chilbogeum $(10,\;100\;{\mu}g/ml)$ to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and Substance P decreased IL-1 secretion significantly. The secretion of $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ by LPS and Substance P in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Upon stimulation from various agents, these cells adopt a reactive phenotype, a morphological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, during which they themselves may produce still more inflammatory cytokines. Chilbogeum $(10,\;100\;{\mu}g/ml)$ significantly inhibited the $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells stimulated with $A\;{\beta}$ and IL-1. These results suggest that Chilbogeum may inhibit $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that Chilbogeum has an antiinflammatory activity in AD brain.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2000

Substance P(SP) can stimulate production of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Taraxacum officinale(TO) on the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. TO(100& 1000$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) significantly inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$ production by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and SP. Interleukin-1(IL-1) has been shown to elevate TNF-${\alpha}$ production from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore examined whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ production from primary astrocytes by TO. Treatment of TO(100 and 1000$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and substance P decreased IL-1 production significantly. Moreover, the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ by LPS and substance P in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. These results suggest that TO may inhibit TNF-${\alpha}$ production by inhibiting IL-1 production and that TO has an antiinflammatory activity in the central nervous system.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 1999

We investigated whether an aqueous extract of Rehmannia glutinosa steamed root (RGAE) inhibits secretion of inflammatory cytolanes from primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. RGAE dose-dependently inhibited the $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with substance P (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore also investigated whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from primary astrocytes by RGAE. Treatment of RGAE to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion to the level observed with LPS alone. Moreover, incubation of astrocytes with IL-1 antibody abolished the synergistic cooperative effect of LPS and SP. These results suggest that RGAE has an antiinflammatory activity on the central nervous system curing some pathological disease states.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.157-171
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• 2001

Astrocytes are glial cells that play a major role in the inflammation observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Upon stimulation from various agents, these cells adopt a reactive phenotype, a morphological hallmark in AD pathology, during which they themselves may produce still more inflammatory cytokines. Substance P (SP) can stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis $factor-\;{\alpha}$ $(TNF-\;{\alpha})$ from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here I report that Sunghyangjungkisan- ga- pogokyoung(Sgp) can modulate cytokines secretion from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Sgp $(10\;to\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$ significantly inhibited the $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and SP. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. Treatment of Sgp $(10\;to\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$ to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion significantly. The secretion of $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ by LPS and SP in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Neurodegenerative processes in AD are thought to be driven in part by the deposition of ${\beta}\;-amyloid\;(A\;{\beta})$, a 39- to 43-amino acid peptide product resulting from an alternative cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. Sgp $(10\;to\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$ significantly inhibited the $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with $A-{\beta}-$and IL-1. These results suggest that Sgp may inhibit $TNF-\;{\alpha}$ secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that Sgp has an antiinflammatory activity in AD brain

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.26.1-26.11
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• 2023

Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) inhibits the catalysis of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and the degradation of substance P (SP) and bradykinin (BK). While the possible relationship between ACEi and SP in nociceptive mice was recently suggested, the effect of ACEi on signal transduction in astrocytes remains unclear. Objectives: This study examined whether ACE inhibition with captopril or enalapril modulates the levels of SP and BK in primary cultured astrocytes and whether this change modulates PKC isoforms (PKCα, PKCβI, and PKCε) expression in cultured astrocytes. Methods: Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to examine the changes in the levels of SP and BK and the expression of the PKC isoforms in primary cultured astrocytes, respectively. Results: The treatment of captopril or enalapril increased the immunoreactivity of SP and BK significantly in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cultured astrocytes. These increases were suppressed by a pretreatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme. In addition, treatment with captopril increased the expression of the PKCβI isoform in cultured astrocytes, while there were no changes in the expression of the PKCα and PKCε isoforms after the captopril treatment. The captopril-induced increased expression of the PKCβI isoform was inhibited by a pretreatment with the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, L-733,060, the BK B1 receptor antagonist, R 715, or the BK B₂ receptor antagonist, HOE 140. Conclusions: These results suggest that ACE inhibition with captopril or enalapril increases the levels of SP and BK in cultured astrocytes and that the activation of SP and BK receptors mediates the captopril-induced increase in the expression of the PKCβI isoform.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-119
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• 1999

We investigated whether an aqueous extract of Chong-Myung-Tang inhibits secretion of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$ from primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. Chong-Myung-Tang dosedependently inhibited the $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with substance P (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore investigated whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from astrocytes by Chong-Myung-Tang. Treatment of Chong-Myung-Tang to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion. Moreover, incubation of astrocytes with IL-1 antibody abolished the synergistic cooperative effect of LPS and SP. These results suggest that Chong-Myung-Tang may inhibits $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by inhibiting IL-1 secretion and that Chong-Myung-Tang has a antiinflammatory activity in the central nervous system.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2001

Cytokines are polypeptides which possess various biological properties affecting. host defense function and response to disease. Inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin(IL)-1 and IL-6 induce inflammation, fever, hypotension and pain when injected into animals or human subject. When glial cell cultures were prepared from neonatal mice or rats, astrocytes were reported to produce these inflammatory cytokines to viral infection, lipopolysaccharide(LPS), or cytokines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of these cytokines secretion from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Substance P(SP) can stimulate secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ from astrocytes stimulated with LPS. Sesim-Tang significantly inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with SP and LPS. IL-1 has been shown to elevate TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore also investigated whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion from primary astrocytes by Sesim-Tang. Treatment of Sesim-Tang to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion significantly. The secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ by LPS and SP in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. Furthermore Sesim-Tang inhibited the IL-6 secretion by astrocytes stimulated with SP and LPS. The inhibitory effect of inflammatory cytokines by Sesim-Tang, observed in this study, might reflect an antiinflammatory activity and a reduction of various-type pains, fever etc. in the central nervous system.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 1999

We investigated whether an aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia root (PTAE) inhibits secretion of inflammatory cytokines from primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. PTAE dose-dependently inhibited the Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ $(TNF-{\alpha})$ secretion by astrocytes stimulated with substance P (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to elevate $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore also investigated whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from primary astrocytes by PTAE. Treatment of PTAE to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and SP decreased IL-1 secretion to the level observed with LPS alone. Moreover, incubation of astrocytes with IL-1 antibody abolished the synergistic cooperative effect of LPS and SP. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated the significantly reduced level of the $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA was expressed in astrocytes treated with PTAE. These results suggest that PTAE has an antiinflammatory activity on the central nervous system curing some pathological disease states.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

사상의학적 견지에서 태음인(太陰人)의 중풍, 치매와 같은 신경계질환에 다용되고 있는 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)은 최근에 그 임상적 효과를 뒷받침할 다각적인 연구들이 이루어지고 있음에도 불구하고 그 정확한 약리학적 기전에 대해서는 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인간성상세포를 이용하여 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)이 substance P (SP)와 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)에 의해 유도되는 다양한 세포활성물질의 분비량의 조절을 검토함으로써 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)의 약리기전을 면역학적 측면에서 보다 세밀하게 살펴보고자 하였다. 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯) 수침액은 인간 뇌 성상세포로 부터 LPS와 SP의 동시자극에 의해 생성되는 세포활성물질중 interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6 및 tumor necrosisfaccor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)의 분비를 농도의존적으로 억제했다. 그러나 interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) 및 IL-2의 분비 조절에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그리고 항 IL-$1{\beta}$ 항체에 의해 SP 유도성 TNF-${\alpha}$ 분비의 증가가 억제되기 때문에 IL-1은 TNF-${\alpha}$ 증가를 매개하는 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과는 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)에 의한 급성기 중풍환자 치료 효과가 뇌 성상세포로부터 분비되는 세포활성물질의 조절과 밀접한 관련성이 있다는 것을 암시하고 있다.