• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.615-620
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• 1996

Chromium-Molybdenum steel was plasma-nitrided at 823 K for 10.8 ks in an atmosphere of 30% $N_2$-70% $H_2$ gas under 665 Pa without and with a subsidiary cathode of $MoS_2$ to compare ion-nitriding and plasma-sulfnitriding using subsidiary cathode. When the steel was ion-nitrided without $MoS_2$, iron nitride layer of 4$\mu\textrm{m}$ and nitrogen diffusion layer of 400mm were formed on the steel. A compound layer of 15$\mu\textrm{m}$ and nitrogen diffusion layer of 400$\mu\textrm{m}$ were formed on the surface of the steel plasma-sulfnitrided with subsidiary cathode of $MoS_2$. The compound layer consisted of FeS containing Mo and iron nitrides. The nitrides of $\varepsilon$-$Fe_2$, $_3N$ and $\gamma$-$Fe_4N$ formed under the FeS. The thicker compound layer was formed by plasma-sulfnitriding than ion-nitriding. In plasma-sulfnitriding, the surface hardness was about 730 Hv. The surface hardness of the steel plasma-sulfnitrided with $MoS_2$ was lower than that of ion-nitrided without $MoS_2$. This may be due to the soft FeS layer formed on the surface of the plasma-sulfnitrided steel.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.249-254
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• 2017

This paper presents an assessment system of safety level of 22.9kV grade high voltage electrical facilities considering environmental factors. The assessment system was developed based on the following procedure. Firstly, assessment structure was determined by consulting standards regarding inspection and diagnosis of electrical facilities. Secondly, contents of items and sub items of assessment system were developed. Thirdly, in order to quantify the importance of the assessment system, the weight was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). Lastly, assessment table of safety level was developed including environmental factors such as period of use and load factor. The developed system can evaluate the safety level of high voltage facilities in an objective way. Therefore it can be applicable to electrical safety management system based on Internet of Things(IoT).

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.134-151
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• 2021

Purpose - This study empirically analyzes the impact of the internal and external network embeddedness of foreign subsidiaries and local market characteristics of the host country on the CEO selection whether or not to appoint an expatriate as the CEO of a foreign subsidiary. Design/methodology - To conduct an empirical analysis, we obtained a list of the headquarters of Korean MNCs from the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Based on the list of HQs, we identified a final list of overseas subsidiaries of Korean MNCs that have entered the world from KOTRA (Trade-Investment Promotion Agency for Korea). Then we conducted an empirical analysis based on the results of 391 questionnaires by employing logistic regression analysis. Findings - The results of empirical analysis are as follows. First, the higher the subsidiary's internal network embeddedness, the higher the tendency appoint an expatriate as the CEO. Second, the higher the volatility of the local market, the higher the tendency to appoint an expatriate as the CEO. Third, the stronger the competition in the local market, the lower the tendency to appoint a PCN. Originality/value - This study has significant theoretical implications in that it examines the link between the internal and external embeddedness of overseas subsidiaries and the appointment of parent country nationals (PCNs) as the CEO that prior research has not examined.

• Journal of East Asia Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

This study suggests an integrated theoretical framework for the relationship between political risk and multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiary's performance in the emerging market. The political risk would have a negative impact on MNC subsidiary's performance in the emerging countries that are developing in Asia, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Africa, and South America. The major reason is that political risks could generate a loss of benefit or a loss of control for MNC's subsidiary. In this study, I suggest that corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy would be a solution to overcome various political risks. Specifically, the affiliated firms with diversified industries or greater financial resources could mitigate the negative impact of political risk than unaffiliated firms. Because they can use their tangible or nontangible asset such as information, technology, and construction in order to gain legitimacy and trust from local government, local community, and local firms in the emerging market. Finally, I claimed the costs of the affiliated firms would exceed the benefits at the initial stages, while the benefits of affiliated firms would exceed the costs over time when political risks become higher. The reason is that the trust gained from local stakeholders accumulates over time and the impact of CSR strategy would become an important solution to overcome the risks in and unstable context.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2023

Purpose - This study aims to identify the importance of subsidiary entrepreneurship as a key factor when MNE attempts to invest in challenging overseas markets. Through the simultaneous consideration of institutional theory and entrepreneurship theory, this study would like to examine how Korean subsidiaries in the Middle East improve their performance locally. Design/methodology - To reflect the characteristics of emerging markets, this study conducted a survey of Korean subsidiaries in the Middle East in cooperation with KOTRA and analyzed the hypotheses using a structural equation model based on 249 valid responses. Findings - The findings of this study are as follows. First, we found that institutional and business distance would positively affect subsidiaries' entrepreneurship. The result that subsidiaries' entrepreneurship is positively affected by institutional and business distance implies that attempts to close the difference between heterogeneous markets would increase subsidiaries' innovative proactiveness, such as R&D and creative marketing strategies. Second, we confirmed that the institutional and business distance positively mediate the subsidiaries' entrepreneurship growth, leading to high performance. Therefore, Korean subsidiaries are required and prepared to establish strategies to better understand institutional and business distances in advance and reduce the liability of foreignness by conducting customized research and training programs before sending Korean expatriates to local subsidiaries in the Middle East. Originality/value - This study contributed to institutional and entrepreneurship theory by proving the traditional relationship between institutional and business distance to subsidiaries' performance and the mediation of subsidiary entrepreneurship.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.129-145
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• 2022

Recently, Korean customs authorities have attempted to impose customs duties on the warranty charges paid by Korean subsidiaries ("the taxpayers") of multinational corporations to their overseas headquarters, or their affiliates, as indirect payment of the price actually paid or payable for imported goods and services, and the taxpayers' complaints have been steadily increasing. The key issue of Korean Supreme Court decision, 2018Du56619, revolves around opposing interpretations of the Korea Customs Act and the WTO's Customs Valuation Agreement in determining who is responsible for paying duties levied on warranty charges. The Supreme Court's ruling was consistent with its previous interpretations of the WTO agreement on customs valuations. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, a Korean subsidiary, stating that the overseas corporate headquarters' payments of warranty charges to Korean dealers are made on behalf of the Korean subsidiary, which is ultimately responsible for covering warranty charges. Thus, the Korean subsidiary's settlement of the warranty charges to their Korean dealers through the overseas headquarters is effectively the same as a direct payment to the dealers. Therefore, the Korean subsidiary performed warranty services on its liability and account. As such, the court ruled that warranty charges should not include tariffs on the indirect payment for warranty services in such cases. This paper presents the comparative legal implications for the warranty charge clauses in the WTO agreement and the Korean Customs Act and analyzes the Supreme Court's decisions.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.55-75
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• 2020

This study examines factors that influence organizational identification of employees who work for foreign multinational corporations in Korea. First, we test whether employee perceptions on leader-member exchange, trust in CEO, and career growth opportunity can influence their organizational identification. second, we also investigate moderation effects of employee perception on subsidiary level factors such as co-operation between the subsidiary and its HQ, firm reputation of the subsidiary, and opportunity to work overseas. 391 survey results from 350 subsidiaries of multinational corporations in Korea has been collected for this study. We found that leader-member exchange, trust in CEO and career growth opportunity had a positive effect on organizational identification of employees who work for foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations in Korea. We also found partial support for the moderation effects of HQ-subsidiary interrelationship and opportunity to work overseas in the relationship between predictors and organizational identification. With this in mind, I hope this help to reconsider competitiveness of global companies in Korea by increasing organizational identification.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.39-54
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is as follows. First we investigate the relationship between contact with foreign managers (CFM) of host country nationals (HCNs) working at MNC subsidiaries and their organizational identification with MNC (OIM). Second we examine the moderating effect of MNC subsidiary localization (MSL) on the relationship between CFM and OIM. For this purpose, we set hypotheses on the relationship among CFM, OIM, and MSL. To verify theses hypotheses, we conducted hierarchical regression analysis on the data from 374 HCNs in 56 MNC subsidiaries. The results of this study are as follows: Frist, CFM positively affects OIM. Second, there is a significant moderating effect of MSL on the relationship between CFM and OIM. Our findings have critical implications in that a subsidiary-level variable that has a significant impact on organizational identification with MNC is presented and in that specific managerial guidelines for subsidiaries can be drawn.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.216-222
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of feeding mulberry leaf extracts on lipid composition in rats fed high cholesterol diets. An initial 30-person sensory evaluation of preparations containing various concentrations of mulberry leaf extract showed that a preparation containing 9% mulberry leaf extracts was the most highly preferred. In addition, subsidiary materials of pine needle extracts and mugwort extracts were added to weaken the unpleasant smell of mulberry leaf extract A preparation containing 9% mulberry leaf extract with 3% mugwort extract and 7% pine needle extract was given highest preference scores by the 30-person panel. When comparing the functional ingredients contents of the various preparations of mulberry leaf extracts, such as GABA, DNJ and flavonoids, no significant differences were found as a result of adding subsidiary materials (pine needle and mugwort extracts). Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing l00$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal diet group, and to four high cholesterol diet groups containing 1% cholesterol, to elucidate the functionality of the mulberry leaf extract The four high cholesterol diet groups were classified into: a mulberry leaf extract diet group free of subsidiary materials (EB group); a mulberry extract diet group with pine needle extracts (EP group); a mulberry leaf extract diet group with mugwort extracts (EM group); and a control group (HC group). The mulberry leaf extracts were provided as drinking water; the diet and water were fed ad libitum. Hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher, by 279% to 475%, in the high cholesterol groups compared to the normal diet groups, but were significantly lower in the three groups supplied with mulberry leaf extracts, compared with the high cholesterol control. There were no changes in functionality of the mulberry leaf extract preparations due to the addition of subsidiary materials. In conclusion, preparations of mulberry leaf extracts were shown to improve lipid metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet, by reducing hepatic and plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Also human palatability of the mulberry leaf preparation was improved by adding subsidiary materials such as pine needle and mugwort extracts.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

In this paper, the effects of the position and the angle of the potential probes on the measurements of the ground resistance using the fall-of-potential method are described and the testing techniques for minimizing the measuring errors are proposed. The fall-of-potential method is theoretically based on the potential and current measuring principle and the measuring error is primarily caused by the position and angle of auxiliary probes. In order to analyze the relative error in the measured value of the ground resistance due to the position of the potential probe, the ground resistance was measured for the case in which the distance of the current probe was fixed at 50[m] and the distance of the potential probe was located from 10[m] to 50[m]. Also, the potential probe was located in turn at $30[^{\circ}]$, $45[^{\circ}]$, $60[^{\circ}]$, $90[^{\circ}]$, and $180[^{\circ}]$. As a consequence, relative error decreased with increasing distance of the potential probe and decreasing angle between the current probe and potential probe. The results could help to determine the position of the potential probe during the ground resistance measurement.