• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2004

Antioxidant activity of extracts from the submerged-liquid culture of mushrooms was measured using two systems : linoleic acid and mouse liver microsomes induced by various free radical sources. Mushrooms of Pleurotus ostreatus (Neutari), Phellinus linteus (Sanghwang), Paecilomyces japonicus (Dongchunghacho), Hericicum erinacium (Norugungdengyee) and Agaricus blazei (Shinryeong) in 1% mulberry tree powder-supplemented medium were incubated in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, $25^{\circ}C$) for 3 days. Hot water extracts of mycelial cultures were freeze-dried, followed by fractioning with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol in the order. Antioxidant activity of each sample was examined in free radical-induced linoleic acid oxidation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS ) solution by measuring the amount of malonaldehyde (MA), and mouse liver microsomal systems by measuring the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In linoleic acid oxidation system, hot water extracts from the cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces japonicus exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous or butanol fraction and the combined fraction of hexane, chloroform and ethylacetate, but the hot water extract from Pleurotus ostreatus culture was the strongest activity. The antioxidant activity of the hot water extract from Pleurotus ostreatus culture was stronger than any other fractions in mouse microsomal system. These results suggest that hot water extract of Pleurotus ostreatus culture, and the cultures of Phellinus linteus and Paecilomyces japonicus could be useful for functional materials to reduce the oxidation of lipids in food systems induced by free radicals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2004

Effect of mulberry tree powders on the antioxidant activity of submerged -liquid culture of mushrooms was investigated. Agaricus blazei (AB), Hericicum erinacium (HE), Pleurotus ostreatus (PO), Phellinus linteu (PL) and Paecilomyces japonicus (PJ) were cultured in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, $25^{\circ}C$) for 7 days in culture media: 1) basal medium (BM) and 2) BM+1% mulberry tree powders (BMM). Hot water extracts from the submerged-liquid cultures of mushrooms and BMM were freeze-dried for the measurement of antioxidant activity, of which reaction mixture (25 mL: 10 mL of 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0; 4.5 mL distilled water; and 10.5 mL ethanol) contained 275 $\mu$mol linoleic acid and one mg test sample. The reaction mixture was incubated in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, 4$0^{\circ}C$) for 16 days. Peroxide value (POV) was measured for a period of over 16 days, and malonaldehyde (MA) was determined only for samples from the day 16 of incubation. Mycelial weight of mushroom strains cultured in BMM was greater than BM. The antioxidant activities of AB-cultured in BW (AB-BMM) and HE-cultured in BMM (HE-BMM) were superior to those of other mushroom strains-cultured in BMM or BM and of BMM. These results suggest that mulberry tree powders enhance the antioxidant activity of submerged-liquid culture of mushroom strains. The AB-BMM and HE-BMM were the most active cultures.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.286-290
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• 2003

The effect of thinned fruits, apple, pear and peach, on the mycelial growth of mushrooms was investigated. The growth of mycelia with the addition of thinned fruit was clearly better than that in the control for all the tested mushrooms. The growth rate of Pleurotus ostreatus was faster than any other mushroom. The optimal concentrations of thinned apple, pear, and peach in a solid culture were 1.0%, 1.0%, and 3%, respectively, while in a liquid culture the optimal concentrations were 5,0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%, respectively. When Pleurotus ostreatus was incubated in a 20-L pilot scale fermenter with 10 L of a liquid medium containing 3% thinned fruit at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 6 vvm for 10 days, the mass-production of mycelia was 74.2 g/10 L (apple), 96.2 g/10 L (pear), and 86.3 g/10 L (peach). The mycelial yield of Pleurotus ostreatus in a medium containing thinned fruit was 2 ∼ 3 times higher than that in the control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1316-1324
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• 2014

Most beta-glucans obtained from various fruit bodies of mushrooms and mushroom mycelial cultures have high-molecular weight glycoproteins, conjugated with beta-glucans. We report that isoflavone-conjugated glycolproteins (designated as gluvone) were isolated and exhibited stronger anticarcinogenic activities. Agaricus blazei mycelia (ABM) was cultured in a liquid medium containing soybean flakes for 14 days. The liquid culture was autolyzed by incubating at $53^{\circ}C$ (pH 5.5) for 3 h. A crude glycoprotein (CGP) fraction with a cytotoxic effect on a mouse ascite cancer cell line (S-180) and a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was isolated from the autolyzed ABM cultures by 80% ethanol treatment. Gluvone was isolated from the CGP with Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. It exhibited a stronger anticancer effect than CGP against the S-180 cell-induced female ICR mouse ascites carcinogenesis. Gluvone with 9,400 daltons was identified as a glycoprotein conjugated with isoflavone. According to HPLC and GC analysis, in conjunction with $^1H$-NMR spectral analysis, it contained 60% carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and ribose), 31% protein, and 2% isoflavone (daidzein and genistein), which is a novel material. These results indicate that a strong anticarcinogenic gluvone was isolated from the autolyzed product of a submerged liquid culture of ABM, suggesting that autolysis could be a useful tool to produce antitumor agents.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2011

Amylases and cellulases are important enzymes that can be utilized for various biological activities. Ten different wild Nigerian mushrooms (Agaricus blazei, Agaricus sp., Corilopsis occidentalis, Coriolus versicolor, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces globulus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Podoscypha bolleana, Pogonomyces hydnoides, and Nothopanus hygrophanus) were assayed for production of these secondary metabolites. The results revealed that most of the tested wild fungi demonstrated very good amylase and cellulase activities. With the incorporation of carboxymethyl-cellulose (a carbon source) into the culture medium, Agaricus blazei had the highest amylolytic activity of 0.60 unit/mL (at $25^{\circ}C$, pH 6.8). This was followed in order by P. tuber-regium and Agaricus sp. with 0.42 and 0.39 unit/mL, respectively ($p {\leq} 0.05$). Maltose and sucrose supplementation into the submerged liquid medium made N. hygrophanus and P. hydnoides to exhibit very low amylase activities of 0.09 and 0.11 unit/mL, respectively. Introducing peptone (an organic nitrogen source) into the basal medium enhanced the ability of C. versicolor to produce a cellulase value of 0.74 unit/mL. Other organic nitrogen sources that supported good cellulase activities were yeast extract and urea. Sodium nitrate (inorganic nitrogen source) generally inhibited cellulase production in all mushrooms. The best carbon source was carboxymethyl-cellulose, which promoted very high cellulase activity of 0.67 unit/mL in C. versicolor, which was followed in order by P. tuber-regium, T. chypeatus, and C. occidentalis ($p {\leq} 0.05$). Sucrose was the poorest carbon compound, supporting the lowest values of 0.01, 0.01, and 0.14 unit/mL in P. hydnoides, A. blazei, and Agaricus sp., respectively.