• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.207-209
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• 2003

Quantifying crop production is one of the most important applications of remote sensing in which the temporal and up-to-date data can play very important role in avoiding any immediate insufficiency in agricultural production. A combination of climatic data and biophysical parameters derived from Landsat7 ETM+ was used to develop a mathematical model for wheat yield forecast in different geographically wide Wheat growing districts in Egypt. Leaf Area Index (LAI) and fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) with temperature were used in the modeling. The model includes three sub-models representing the correlation between the reported yield and each individual variable. Simulation results using district statistics showed high accuracy of the derived correlations to estimate wheat production with a percentage standard error (%S.E.) of 1.5% in El- Qualyobia district and average (%S.E.) of 7% for the whole wheat areas.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.370-376
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• 2006

The paper concerns an experimental study of fully developed laminar flow of a Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquid in concentric annuli with combined bulk axial flow and inner cylinder rotation. Pressure losses and skin friction coefficients have been measured for Newtonian fluid, water and non-Newtonian fluids, 0.2% aqueous of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 5% bentonite solutions, when the inner cylinder rotates at the speed of $0{\sim}500$ rpm. The influences of rotation, radius ratio and working fluid on the annular flow field are investigated. And the new correlations among the skin friction coefficient, the Reynolds number and the Rossby number are presented with reasonable limits of accuracy in laminar flow regime.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.460-474
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• 2004

Effects of liquid subcooling on pool boiling heat transfer in an annulus with an open bottom have been investigated experimentally. A tube of 19.1mm diameter and the water at atmospheric pressure have been used for the fest. Up to $50^{\circ}C$ of liquid subcooling has been tested and experimental data of the annulus have been compared with the data of a single unrestricted tube. Temperatures on the heated tube surface fluctuate only slightly regardless of the heat flux in the annulus, whereas high variation is observed on the surface of the single tube. An increase in the degree of subcooling decreases heat transfer coefficients greatly both for the single tube and the annulus. Heat transfer coefficients increase suddenly at ${\Delta}T_{sub}\;{\le}\;10^{\circ}C$ and much greater change in heat transfer coefficients is observed at the annulus. To obtain effects of subcooling on heat transfer quantitatively, two new empirical equations have been suggested, and the correlations predict the empirical data within ${\pm}30\%$ error bound excluding some data at lower heat transfer coefficients.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 2018

This paper presents seasonal variation of $PM_{10}$ over five urban sites in Sabah, Malaysia for the period of January through December 2012. The variability of $PM_{10}$ along with the diurnal and weekly cycles of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and $O_3$ at Kota Kinabalu site were also discussed to investigate the possible sources for increased $PM_{10}$ concentration at the site. This work is crucial to understand the behaviour and possible sources of $PM_{10}$ in the urban atmosphere of Sabah region. In Malaysia, many air pollution studies in the past focused in west Peninsular, but very few local studies were dedicated for Sabah region. This work aims to fill the gap by presenting the descriptive statistics on the variability of $PM_{10}$ concentration in the urban atmosphere of Sabah. To further examine its diurnal and weekly cycle pattern, its responses towards the variations of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and ozone were also investigated. The highest mean value of $PM_{10}$ for the whole study period is seen from Tawau ($35.7{\pm}17.8{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), while the lowest is from Keningau ($31.9{\pm}18.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ in all cities exhibited seasonal variations with the peak values occurred during the south-west monsoons. The $PM_{10}$ data consistently exhibited strong correlations with traffic related gaseous pollutants ($NO_2$, and CO), except for $SO_2$ and $O_3$. The analysis of diurnal cycles of $PM_{10}$ levels indicated that two peaks were associated during the morning and evening rush hours. The bimodal distribution of $PM_{10}$, CO, and $NO_2$ in the front and at the back of ozone peak is a representation of urban air pollution pattern. In the weekly cycle, higher $PM_{10}$, CO, and $NO_2$ concentrations were observed during the weekday when compared to weekend. The characteristics of $NO_2$ concentration rationed to CO and $SO_2$ suggests that mobile sources is the dominant factor for the air pollution in Kota Kinabalu; particularly during weekdays.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2021

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation and skeletal maturation in growing children aged 7 - 15 years and predict the maturational stages of the midpalatal suture corresponding to skeletal maturity assessed by the skeletal maturation indicators (SMI) and middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) stages. The group of this retrospective study was consisted of randomly selected 132 male and 135 female in age from 7 - 15 years. The maturation of the midpalatal suture was evaluated by using images from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) while the skeletal age was assessed by hand-wrist radiography. CBCT images and hand-wrist radiographs used in this study were obtained from all subjects for orthodontic diagnosis before orthodontic treatment. The maturational stages of the midpalatal suture showed strong correlations with both SMI and MP3 stages. The correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation and SMI (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ϒ_S = 0.905, p < 0.05) was slightly greater than that of MP3 stages (ϒ_S = 0.830, p < 0.05). There was a positive significant correlation between the midpalatal suture maturation and chronological age (ϒ_S = 0.868,p < 0.05). CBCT for evaluation of the midpalatal suture maturational stages may be unnecessary in every pediatric patients because SMI and MP3 stages were both replaceable useful methods for assessing maturation of the midpalatal suture before orthopedic treatment. In this retrospective study, the diagnostic reliability of the SMI method for estimating midpalatal suture maturation showed better reliability than the MP3 method.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.770-781
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• 2021

Objective: Chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is sensitive for detecting solid-like proteins and may detect changes in the levels of mobile proteins and peptides in tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of chemical exchange proton pools using the CEST MRI technique in patients with dementia. Materials and Methods: Our institutional review board approved this cross-sectional prospective study and informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study included 41 subjects (19 with dementia and 22 without dementia). Complete CEST data of the brain were obtained using a three-dimensional gradient and spin-echo sequence to map CEST indices, such as amide, amine, hydroxyl, and magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR_asym) values, using six-pool Lorentzian fitting. Statistical analyses of CEST indices were performed to evaluate group comparisons, their correlations with gray matter volume (GMV) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Amine signals (0.029 for non-dementia, 0.046 for dementia, p = 0.011 at hippocampus) and MTR_asym values at 3 ppm (0.748 for non-dementia, 1.138 for dementia, p = 0.022 at hippocampus), and 3.5 ppm (0.463 for non-dementia, 0.875 for dementia, p = 0.029 at hippocampus) were significantly higher in the dementia group than in the non-dementia group. Most CEST indices were not significantly correlated with GMV; however, except amide, most indices were significantly correlated with the MMSE scores. The classification power of most CEST indices was lower than that of GMV but adding one of the CEST indices in GMV improved the classification between the subject groups. The largest improvement was seen in the MTR_asym values at 2 ppm in the anterior cingulate (area under the ROC curve = 0.981), with a sensitivity of 100 and a specificity of 90.91. Conclusion: CEST MRI potentially allows noninvasive image alterations in the Alzheimer's disease brain without injecting isotopes for monitoring different disease states and may provide a new imaging biomarker in the future.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2005

Purpose: We intended to observe the relations between Chiljehyangbuhwan and abdominal temperature according to primary dysmenorrhea severity. Methods: We selected the 100 primary dysmenorrhea patients by the screening tests (first screening test-inquiry, second screening test-clinical test, additionally WHR (Waist-to-Hip ratio) by Inbody 2.0). By the fixed blocked randomization and double blind method, Chiljehyangbuhwan or placebo was administered for 1 menstration period. Finally, 69 patients remainded. Before and after administration, we measured 4 points abdominal temperature (Chon-jung(CV17), Chung-wan(CV12), Kwan-won(CV4), Chung-guk(CV3)) by DITI (DOREX Inc., USA). And then we checked the difference of temperature $({\Delta}T)$ between CV17 and CV12 / CV17 and CV4 / CV17 and CV3 / CV12 and CV4 / CV12 and CV3. After that, we compared ${\Delta}T$ with primary dysmenorrhea severity evaluated by VRS (verbal rating scale) and MVRS (multidimensional verbal rating scale). In dysmenorrhea severity, we standardized scale score and 3-group-severity by score (mild, moderate, severe). For statistics, we used Pearson correlations and Spearman's rho correlations, SPSS 11.0 for windows. Results: In case of MVRS, Chiljehyangbuhwan was correlated to ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3 / CV12 and CV4). In case of VRS, Chiljehyangbuhwan was not correlated to ${\Delta}T$. Statistically they showed significant result (p<0.05). Conclusion: The primary dysmenorrhea patients showed that severity by MVRS was connected with ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3 / CV12 and CV4) after Chiljehyangbuhwan administration. So we can consider Chiljehyangbuhwan effects the abdominal temperature according primary dysmenorrhea severity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.125-135
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• 2011

Objectives : This study is aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of Ryodoraku for traditional Korean medicine practice reported in the Korean literature. Methods : A search of seven Korean databases was performed up to May 2011 using the search term 'Ryodoraku(in Korean)'. All clinical studies on diagnostic Ryodoraku characteristics were included. Results : The search yielded 59 studies, of which 5 were considered suitable for this analysis. Four were observational studies. Only one was a controlled trial. Average Ryodoraku score(RS), mean values for each measure point, physiologic limit, number of Pyesaek and Gyeokcha, and pattern classification were used as references for the analysis. Correlations were observed between average RS and idiopathic Parkinson's disease, some sub-groups of respiratory disease, chronic low back pain, and menopause. Some mean values for measure points showed particularly high or low tendencies in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, chronic low back pain, and menopause. Positive correlations were observed between the number of Pyesaek and H-Y stage in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and F2(肝) and the modified Kupperman's index with menopausal women. The four classes, organized based on Ryodoraku pattern, showed differences in various characteristics. Conclusions : Since only five studies met the experimental conditions, this evaluation of the diagnostic value of Ryodoraku in various situations is limited. Future studies should be conducted using various physiologic and pathologic situations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2007

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of Korean native species, the Abies koreana forest at sub-alpine zone centering on the Witsaeorum(1,714m) shelter in Hallasan National Park was selected for a survey subject with 20 plots $(10{\times}10m)$ set up with random sampling method. Mean importance percent(MIP) of Abies koreana showed the highest numerical value-57.7%, and that of faxus cuspidata was the next value-16.2%. High positive correlations were shown between Taxus cuspidata and Prunus maximowiczii, Euonymus alatus; Betula ermani and Berberis amurensis var. quelpaertensis, Prunus sargentii; Prunus maximowiczii and Euonymus alatus; Berberis amurensis var. quelpaertensis and Prunus sargentii. Vigor of Abies koreana was so low that as much as 6.44% of total number of Abies Koreana investigated were dead. DBH of dead individuals ranged mainly from 5cm to 15cm.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2020

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of childcare teachers' emotional labor and resilience on their burnout. The subjects were 251 childcare teachers in Metropolitan area, South Korea. Subjects' emotional labor, resilience, and burnout were measured using the self-reporting questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analyses, and analysis of multiple regression using SPSS 21.0. In the procedure of data analyses, while the total scores were used for resilience and burnout, each score of the sub-factors (natural acting, deep acting, and pretending acting) were used for emotional labor. As results, childcare teachers' natural acting, deep acting, and resilience had significantly negative correlations with burnout, but pretending acting had significantly positive correlations with it. In addition, childcere teachers' pretending acting had significantly positive effect on their burnout, and resilience had significantly negative effect on it.