• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to categorize the gap between coffee shop 'importance' (as perceived by customers before patronizing the coffee shop) and 'satisfaction' (perception of customers after patronizing the coffee shop) as positive or negative and to analyze the effect of these gaps on purchasing behavior. To do this, I used the gap between importance and satisfaction regarding the choice of a coffee shop as the explanatory variable and performed an empirical analysis of the direction and size of the effect of the gap on purchasing behavior (overall satisfaction, willingness-to-revisit) by applying the Ordered Probit Model (OPM). A previous study that used IPA to evaluate the effects of gaps estimated the direction and size of a quadrant but failed to analyze the effect of gaps on customers. In this study, I evaluated the effects of positive and negative gaps on customer satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit. Using OPM, I quantified the effect of positive and negative gaps on overall customer satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit. Per-head expenditure, frequency of visits, and coffee-purchasing place had the most positive effects on overall customer satisfaction. Frequency of visits, followed by per-head expenditure and then coffee-purchasing place, had the most positive impact on willingness-to-visit. Thus per-head expenditure and frequency of visits had the greatest positive effects on overall satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit. This finding implies that the higher the actual satisfaction (gap) of customers who spend KRW5,000 or more once or more per week at coffee shops is, the higher their overall satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit are. Despite the fact that economical efficiency had a significant effect on overall satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit, college and university students still use coffee shops and are willing to spend KRW5,000 because they do not only purchase coffee as a product itself, but use the coffee shop for other activities, such as working, meeting friends, or relaxing. College and university students also access the Internet in coffee shops via personal laptops, watch movies, and study; thus, coffee shops should provide their customers with the appropriate facilities and services. The fact that a positive gap for coffee shop brand had a positive effect on willingness-to-revisit implies that the higher the level of customer satisfaction, the greater the willingness-to-revisit. A negative gap for this factor, on the other hand, implies that the lower the level of customer satisfaction, the lower the willingness-to-revisit. Thus, the brand factor has a comparatively greater effect on satisfaction than the other factors evaluated in this study. Given that the domestic coffee culture is becoming more upscale and college/university students are sensitive to this trend, students are attentive to brands. In most upscale coffee shops in Korea, the outer wall is built out of glass that can be opened, the interiors are exotic with an open kitchen. These upscale coffee shops function as landmarks and match the taste of college/university students. Coffee shops in Korea have become a cultural brand. To make customers feel that coffee shops are upscale, good quality establishments and measures to provide better services in terms of brand factor should be instituted. The intensified competition among coffee shop brands in Korea as a result of the booming industry indicates that provision of additional services is needed to differentiate competitors. These customers can also use a scanner free of charge. Another strategy that can be used to boost brands could be to provide and operate a seminar room for seminars and group study. If coffee shops adopt these types of strategies, college/university students would be more likely to consider the expenses they incur worthwhile and, subsequently, they would be more likely to be satisfied with the brands of these coffee shops, with an associated increase in their willingness-to-revisit. Gender and study year had the most negative effects on overall satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit. Female students were more likely to be satisfied and be willing to return than male students, and third and fourth-year students were more likely to be satisfied and willing-to-return than first or second-year students. Students who drink coffee, read books, and use laptops alone at coffee shops are easily noticeable. High-grade students tend to visit coffee shops alone in order to use their time efficiently for self-development and to find jobs. The economical efficiency factor had the greatest effect on overall satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit in terms of a positive gap. The higher the actual satisfaction (gap) of students with the price of the coffee, the greater their overall satisfaction and willingness-to-revisit. Economical efficiency with a negative gap had a negative effect on willingness-to-revisit, which implies that a less negative gap will result in a greater willingness-to-revisit. Amid worsening market conditions, coffee shops located around colleges/universities are using strategies, such as a point or membership card, strategic alliances with credit-card companies, development of a set menu or seasonal menu, and free coffee-shot services to increase their competitive edge. Product power also had a negative effect in terms of a negative gap, which indicates that a higher negative gap will result in a lower willingness-to-revisit. Because there are many more customers that enjoy coffee in this decade, as compared to previous decades, the new generation of customers, namely college/university students, want various menu items in addition to coffee, and coffee shops should, therefore, add side menu items, such as waffles, rice cakes, cakes, sandwiches, and salads. For example, Starbucks Korea is making efforts to enhance product power by selling rice cakes flavored in strawberry, wormwood, and pumpkin, and providing coffee or cream free of charge. In summary, coffee shops should focus on increasing their economical efficiency, brand, and product power to enhance the satisfaction of college/university students. Because shops adjacent to colleges or universities enjoy a locational advantage, providing differentiated services in terms of economical efficiency, brand, and product power, is likely to increase customer satisfaction and return visits. Coffee shop brands should, therefore, be innovative and embrace change to meet their customers' desires. Because this study only targeted college/university students in Seoul, comparative studies targeting diverse regions and age groups are required to generalize the findings and recommendations of this study.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2019

The types of inquiry activities included in Life Science II textbooks under the 2015 revised science curriculum were extracted and compared with those of six major and five different publishing companies. The fact that the number of investigation discussions and presentations (IP) increased and the expressions (EX) were included in each unit was interpreted as sufficient to transform the classroom instruction in the 2015 revised science curriculum into student-centered activities. The type of inquiry activities in student-centered activities such as experiment observation, simulation activities, investigation discussions, and presentations accounted for about 41% more than the 27% of 2009 revised science curriculum. However, since data interpretation type is still the largest, it is necessary to reduce the types of data interpretation and to increase the number of types of simulation activities and expressions in order to expand students' creativity and thinking ability when textbook development is needed in the future. In addition to the development of biotechnology, teachers need to reconstruct diverse science materials for each textbook and then use them for students to induce balanced thinking, and try to expand expressive power, creativity, logic, and critical thinking skills.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 1999

To investigate the visual acuity of the women middle and high school students, the visual acuity test was performed the object and subject methods. The results were as follows; 1. The eye types were 96.7% positive for myopia, 2.5% for emmetropia, and 0.8% for hyperopia, respectively. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 61% positive for simple myopia, 35.2% for myopitic compound astigmatism, 3% for myopic simple astigmatism, and 0.8% for simple presbyopia, respectively. 3. The asix of astigmatism were 95% positive for irregular astigmatism axis, 3% for regular astigmatism axis, and 2% for oblique astigmatism axis, respectively. 4. On the total myopic spheric power, the -0.50

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.471-480
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of recording online classes and real-time video classes on other behaviors, lecture satisfaction, and lecture flow in during the COVID-19 period. Data were collected and analysis using a structured questionnaire from May 20th to June 4th in 2021 for 550 nursing students in the D University. As a result of the study, it was found that there were more others behaviors in record online classes than in real-time online classes (t=-2.00, p=.046), lecture satisfaction(t=-1.54, p=.124) and lecture flow in real-time online classes it was higher in the record online classes (t=-.63, p=.529), but it was not statistically significant. However, the 2nd year students who participated in the two types of online classes showed statistically significantly higher lecture satisfaction (t=13.55, p=.000) and lecture flow(t=4.48, p=.004). And 4 th grade students of others behaviors was statistically significantly lower (t=4.68, p=.003). In the multiple regression analysis, the main factor affecting lecture flow was lecture satisfaction, and the explanatory power of the model was 55.1% in record online classes (F=128.49, p <.01), and in real-time classes 47.2%(F=77.24, p<.01). In the future, research should be conducted to confirm the difference between the two types of online classes of the same instructor and the difference in other things, lecture satisfaction, and class commitment that appear after applying learner-centered learning.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2013

Objective: This study proposes an alarm display and compares it with the one(alarm tile display) widely used in main control rooms(MCRs) of nuclear power plants. Background: Catching up with the rapid development of computer technologies, advanced MCRs has been required. Using modern technologies of computers and visual displays, we have a lot of potential to improve user performance and satisfaction as well as safety in MCRs. Method: The alarm bar display has been proposed to reduce some potential problems of the alarm tile display in this study. Human factors evaluations were conducted to compare both types of displays. Two interfaces of bar alarm and tile alarm were simulated on the desktop computer for the user-involved experiment. Eight students participated in the experiment with the within-subject design. Results: The alarm bar was slightly better in terms of situation awareness, and preferred to understand alarm dynamics. The alarm tile was slightly or significantly better in other measures. Conclusion: Both alarm displays have their own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, combining benefits of both displays can be used to optimize the design of alarm displays. Application: The proposed display is expected to compensate the existing displays for certain purposes.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2024

Objectives: Pulse is a method of Korean medicine diagnosis and is an important clue to detect the organs, nature, and progress of the disease. Pulse examination is included in the basic examination of Korean medicine doctors, but there is no standardized method for diagnosing pulse although the types and methods of the pulse taking are briefly described in the literature, making it difficult to spread the examination method. In this regard, I would like to propose an objective evaluation method. Methods: Although the importance of pulse examination and the method of pulse examination are known in the literature, it is difficult for undergraduate students or inexperienced Korean medicine doctors to access it, so in this paper a method of marking the size of the pulse power in the blank space for objective evaluation was devised and presented. Results: The size of the pulse power should be indicated using the 1-cell, 3-cell, or 5-cell method according to the left and right wrists and the cun, guan and chi on both sides. Conclusion: The method of pulse diagnosis is an important diagnostic method as a verification process for making a Korean medical diagnosis. The remaining Korean medicine diagnostic methods, including pulse diagnosis, also need to undergo objectification. It is believed that the objectification of these diagnostic methods will lead to an improvement in the treatment rate of Korean medicine.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to explore the brain connectivity between brain and biomechanical variables by exploring motion recognition through FFT (fast fourier transform) analysis and AI (artificial intelligence) focusing on quiet standing movement patterns. Method: Participants included 12 young adult males, comprising university students (n=6) and elite gymnasts (n=6). The first experiment involved FFT of biomechanical signals (f_CoP, f_AJtorque and f_EEG), and the second experiment explored the optimization of AI-based GRU (gated recurrent unit) using f_EEG data. Results: Significant differences (p<.05) were observed in frequency bands and maximum power based on group and posture types in the first experiment. The second study improved motion prediction accuracy through GRU performance metrics derived from brain signals. Conclusion: This study delved into the movement pattern of upright standing posture through the analysis of bio-signals linking the cerebral cortex to motor performance, culminating in the attainment of motion recognition prediction performance.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

To investigate the ametropia and refractive error of 222 ametropic eyes of the 111 high school students in Gwangju Metropolitan City, the visual acuity test was performed by the object and subject method. 85% of the eye types were positive for myopia, 14% for emmetropia, and 1% for hyperopia, respectively. 38% of the abnormal refraction eyes were positive for simple myopia, 4% for myopia simple astigmatism, 56% for myopia compound astigmatism, and 0% for simple hyperopia, 0% for hyperopia simple astigmatism, 2% for hyperopia compound astigmatism, 0% for mixed astigmatism, respectively. 92% of the axes fo astigmatism were for astigmatism with-the-rule, 6% for astigmatism against-the rule, 2% for astigmatism oblique, respectively. As for the astigmatic power, 0.50 < cylinder < 1.00D was 68%, 1.00 < cylinder < 2.00D was 25%, and anything over the 2.00 cylinder D was 7%. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refraction eyes, -0.50 < spheric equivalent < -2.00D was 26%, -2.00D < spheric equivalent < -6.00D was 55% and anything over the -6.00D was 19%. The rate of wearing glasses was 74%. It increases compared to 20 years ago. 91% of the eye test place was the optical shop, 9% the eye doctor hospital. 80% of the students need to change their optical lenses because spherical equivalent power was over 0.50D.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2006

The study of the visual acuity and refraction status was performed to the students of primary school using eyeglasses in Kyung Nam region, Korea. Two hundred sixty three subjects with various styles of ametropia were analyzed the visual acuity and refraction examination by the subjective and objective tools. The results of study were as follows; 1) According to the increase of age of subjects, the visual acuity of binocular in naked eyes was decrease. However ametropia was increase. 2) The high frequency of ametropia types in the binocular was simple myopia, and the next order of high frequency was mixed astigmatism, myopic compound astigmatism, simple hyperopia, and hyperopic compound, respectively. 3) On the power of spherical refractive error of ametropia, the high frequency was -1.00 diopter, and the next order of high frequency was -2.00 diopter, +2.00 diopter, -3.00 diopter, and so on, respectively. 4) According to the increase of subjects ages, the changes of dioptric power of myopic spheric power was increase. however the frequency of the boy and girl was similar results, also the dioptric values of refractive status in binocular was similar results. As the results of this study, we conclude that the relationship of the visual acuity and refractive error status in primary students using eyeglasses was improved.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.149-156
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• 2021

This study was conducted to confirm the influence of interpersonal disposition and emotional intelligence on interpersonal competence of allied health college students. For the research, a questionaire survey was conducted for students enrolled in the Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy from November 29 to December 16, 2019 and a total of 275 data were collected. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS program. As results of the study, the average of interpersonal competence was 4.10 and that of thoughtfulness-unconsideration was the highest among the eight interpersonal types and the average emotional intelligence was 2.73. The interpersonal dispositions that had a significant effect on interpersonal competence were initiative-congruence and aggression-non aggression and their explanatory power was 29.4% and the most influential interpersonal disposition was initiative-congruence. Emotional intelligence that had a significant effect on interpersonal competence were self-emotional expression, control of others and motivation and their explanatory power was 24.0% and the most influential emotional intelligence was motivation.