• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.152-170
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problems that the adolescents have experienced and to assess the demands of counseling about the experienced problems. The design of this study was descriptive-survery study. The sample size was 601 middle and high school students. Data analysis was done by frequencies. Percent. t -test. ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficiency, stepwise regression and Cronbach's $\alpha$ Score was produced for the reliability of the tool by using the item analysis method. The results was as follows : 1. The distribution of the each item that the adolescents experienced according to the physical, psychalogical. Sexual and Socio-cultural problem Categories was examined. In the physical problem category, the number of items that half and more than half of the adolescents experienced of often or frequently were 10 among all 19 items. In the psychological problem category. 13 item were among all 19 items. In the sexual problem category, 1 item among all 17 items and in the socio-cultural problem category, 10 items were among all 30 items. 2. The distribution of the each items that the adolescents wanted to the counseling according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories was examined. In the physical problem category, the numbers of the items that half and more than half of the adolescents wanted counseling were 1 among all 19 items. In the psychological problem category, the numbers of the items that half and more than half of the adolescents wanted counseling were 2 items among all 19 items. In the sexual problem category, 0 item among all 17 items and in the socio-cultural problem category, 2 items were among all 30 items. 3. In the comparison of the female student and male student about the experienced problems and the demands of counseling according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories. There was a significant difference statistically in all categories between groups(P<.001) 4. In the comparison of high school students and middle school students about the demands of counseling according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories(P<.001). Particulary, grade II of high school students have experienced problems according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories. There was a significant difference statistically in all categories(P<.001). 5. In the correlation between the experienced problem and the demands of counseling according to 4 categories. there was the positive correlation at P<.001 level. 6. The less the satisfaction for family and school life. the more experienced problems according to the physical. psychological. sexual and socio-cultural problem categories. There was a significant difference statistically in all categories(P<.001).

• 대한화학회지
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.445-453
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• 2015

문제해결력 및 창의력 등과 같은 고등정신능력 배양을 위한 평가체제 구축의 일환으로 2005년 도입된 서술형 평가는 매년 평가비율이 증가하면서 단순 지식을 요구하는 선다형 평가의 대안적 평가로 떠오르고 있다. 정부의 서술형 평가 비율 확대로 학교현장에서 표면적으로는 어느 정도 정착이 되어 운영되고 있으나 실제 서술형 평가가 의도한 목적을 달성했다고 확언할 수 없다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 경기도 5개 중학교에서 실시된 과학과 서술형 평가 문항을 대상으로 서술형 평가 문항의 특성을 분석하였으며, 이러한 특성을 갖는 요인을 분석하고자 문항을 출제한 교사를 대상으로 심층면접을 실시하였다. 연구결과 서술형 평가 문항들은 ① 출제되는 단원의 편중, ② 단원별 문제 형식의 차이, ③ ‘고등정신능력’ 측정의 미흡이라는 문항의 특성을 갖고 있었다. 이러한 문항의 특성을 갖는 요인은 교사들의 평가 문항 제작, 평가 도구의 이해 등에 대한 능력이 결여되었기 때문이었다. 이러한 요소들은 모두 평가 전문성의 결여로 설명될 수 있다. 이를 통해 교사들의 평가 전문성을 신장을 위한 방안이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2005

Objectives : Applying herbal-acupuncture using Ursi Fet into Zusanli (UZ) on to the atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice to study changes in external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide. This study was done through forcing an injury to the mice's back skin which damages the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum. Methods : The AD which was caused intentionally using the external application on the mice's back skin was treated with VB; the change of leukocytes in the vasculature was identified through optima 5.2 and Student's t-test and the results were made into a dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing UZ into the AD, the dermal injury decreased. The recovery of the lipid protection formation which includes lipid and ceramide in the stratum comeum (for suppressing acute inflammation due to factors such as PKC, $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$, which controlled the secretion of the relating inflammatory cytokine) also went on to show a decrease of both angiogenesis and degranulated mast cells. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cells to decrease in the stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased na this could relate to a decrease in AD. Conclusions : UZ has an effect on AD by suppressing dermal injury through the recovery of the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2004

Objectives : To study change of external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide through administering Sihocheonggan-san (SC) extract on to the control (CON). This study was done through forcing injury to mice's back skin which have lipid protection formation in stratum corneum. Materials and Methods : The CON to which damage was caused intentionally using the external application on the mice's back skin used the SC. The change of leukocytes in vasculature were identified through optima 5.2 and Student's t-test and the results were made into a dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing SC extract into the CON, dermal injury was decreased. Especially, recover of lipid protection formation, which includes lipid and ceramide in stratum corneum suppressing acute inflammation that some factors are PKC, TNF-α, IL-12B which controlled the secretion of relating inflammatory cytokine, also went onto decrease of angiogenesis, and a decrease of degranulated mast cells was noted. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cells to decrease in stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased and it could relate to decrease in CON. Conclusions : SC has effect on CON suppressing the dermal injury through recovering of lipid protection formation in stratum corneum.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to describe recent patterns in the types of statistical test used in original articles that were published in Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six original articles published in the Journal in 2015 and 2016 were ascertained. The type of statistical test was identified by one researcher. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, rank, and proportion, were calculated. Graphical statistics, such as a histogram, were constructed to reveal the overall utilization pattern of statistical test types. Results: Twenty-two types of statistical test were used. Statistical test type was not reported in four original articles and classified as unclear in 5%. The four most frequently used statistical tests constituted 47% of the total tests and these were the chi-square test, Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test in descending order. Regression models, such as the Cox proportional hazard model and multiple logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding variables, were used in only 6% of the studies. Normality tests, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene test, Shapiro-Wilk test, and $Scheff{\acute{e}}^{\prime}s$ test, were used diversely but in only 10% of the studies. Conclusion: A total of 22 statistical tests were identified, with four tests occupying almost half of the results. Adoption of a nonparametric test is recommended when the status of normality is vague. Adjustment for confounding variables should be pursued using a multiple regression model when the number of potential confounding variables is numerous.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to decide the most appropriate point on tragus to be used as a reference point at time of marking ala tragus line while establishing occlusal plane. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The data was collected in two groups of subjects: 1) Dentulous 2) Edentulous group having sample size of 30 for each group with equal gender distribution (15 males, 15 females each). Downs analysis was used for base value. Lateral cephalographs were taken for all selected subjects. Three points were marked on tragus as Superior (S), Middle (M), and Inferior (I) and were joined with ala (A) of the nose to form ala-tragus lines. The angle formed by each line (SA plane, MA plane, IA plane) with Frankfort Horizontal (FH) plane was measured by using custom made device and modified protractor in all dentulous and edentulous subjects. Also, in dentulous subjects angle between Frankfort Horizontal plane and natural occlusal plane was measured. The measurements obtained were subjected to the following statistical tests; descriptive analysis, Student's unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS. The results demonstrated, the mean angle COO (cant of occlusal plane) as $9.76^{\circ}$, inferior point on tragus had given the mean angular value of IFH [Angle between IA plane (plane formed by joining inferior point-I on tragus and ala of nose- A) and FH plane) as $10.40^{\circ}$ and $10.56^{\circ}$ in dentulous and edentulous subjects respectively which was the closest value to the angle COO and was comparable with the values of angle COO value in Downs analysis. Angulations of ala-tragus line marked from inferior point with occlusal plane in dentulous subject had given the smallest value $2.46^{\circ}$ which showed that this ala-tragus line was nearly parallel to occlusal plane. CONCLUSION. The inferior point marked on tragus is the most appropriate point for marking ala-tragus line.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.181-192
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• 2001

The purpose of this was to evaluate the level of knowledge about Hepatitis B and AIDS among dental hygiene students at six dental hygiene educational programs in nationwide, compare the findings to those of Song's study. 1703 dental hygiene students surveyed by mail and answered a questionnaire, using the questionnaire used developed by DiClemente el al., on Hepatitis B vaccination, antibody production, experience of unintentional needle stick injuries, experience of surgical operation and blood transfusion, personal risk factors for HBV and HIV, management of HBV and HIV postexposure management et al. The data indicated that dental hygiene students (79.0%) in this study had more HIV vaccination than dental hygiene(74.3%) in Song's study. As for recognition of antibody production after Hepatitis B vaccination, only 34.6% of respondents answered they knew having antibody production and 95% of respondents knew not having antibody production. Over one-half of the respondents (55%) answered they didn't even recognize having antibody production. 52.3 percent of dental hygiene students experienced unintentional needle stick injuries. The findings on the knowledge about Hepatitis B and AIDS were that dental hygienists (76.5 points) received higher mean score than those of dental hygiene students (71.0 points) and that the distribution of right answer rate also showed wider range in dental hygiene students (27.7~97.5%) than those of dental hygienist (41.2~99.5%). There were no statistical differences among dental hygiene education programs. Finding of this study support that the curriculum of dental hygiene program should include instruction on sources and methods of transmission of infectious diseases, risk of virus transmission in the workplace and principles of infection control. Furthermore, infection-control practices should be utilized routinely and their application to dental personnel, management of HBV and HIV postexposure management. Furthermore, for preventing the further spread of infectious diseases (HBV, HIV and AIDS${\cdots}$) caused by bloodborne viruses, imposing an obligation rather than recommendation on Hepatitis B vaccination to all dental personnel and routinely utilizing infection-control guidelines for all dental patients in dental practices (include dental educational programs) should be accomplished by coordination the government agency.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2015

PURPOSE. In this study, a temporal abutment fixation screw, designed to fracture in a controlled way upon application of an occlusal force sufficient to produce critical micromotion was developed. The purpose of the screw was to protect the osseointegration of immediate loaded single implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seven different screw prototypes were examined by fixing titanium abutments to 112 Mozo-Grau external hexagon implants (MG Osseous$^{(R)}$; Mozo-Grau, S.A., Valladolid, Spain). Fracture strength was tested at $30^{\circ}$ in two subgroups per screw: one under dynamic loading and the other without prior dynamic loading. Dynamic loading was performed in a single-axis chewing simulator using 150,000 load cycles at 50 N. After normal distribution of obtained data was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, fracture resistance between samples submitted and not submitted to dynamic loading was compared by the use of Student's t-test. Comparison of fracture resistance among different screw designs was performed by the use of one-way analysis of variance. Confidence interval was set at 95%. RESULTS. Fractures occurred in all screws, allowing easy retrieval. Screw Prototypes 2, 5 and 6 failed during dynamic loading and exhibited statistically significant differences from the other prototypes. CONCLUSION. Prototypes 2, 5 and 6 may offer a useful protective mechanism during occlusal overload in immediate loaded implants.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2019

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) distraction and counter-stimulation (CS) on dental anxiety and pain perception to local anesthesia in children. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded interventional clinical trial with a parallel design was used. Seventy children 7-11 years old who required local anesthesia (LA) for pulp therapy or tooth extraction were recruited and allocated to two groups with equal distribution based on the intervention. Group CS (n = 35) received CS and Group VR (n = 35) received VR distraction with ANTVR glasses. Anxiety levels (using pulse rate) were evaluated before, during, and after administration of local anesthesia, while pain perception was assessed immediately after the injection. Wong-Baker faces pain-rating scale (WBFPS), visual analog scale (VAS), and Venham's clinical anxiety rating scale (VCARS) were used for pain evaluation. Student's t-test was used to test the mean difference between groups, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the mean difference of pulse rates. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rates were observed in both groups, while children in the VR group had a higher reduction (P < 0.05), and the mean VCARS scores were significant in the VR group (P < 0.05). Mean WBFPS scores showed less pain perception to LA needle prick in the CS group while the same change was observed in the VR group with VAS scores. Conclusions: VR distraction is better than CS for reducing anxiety to injection in children undergoing extraction and pulpectomy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.277-287
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• 2023

본 연구는 광주 지역 대학생을 대상으로 섭식 행동과 영양 상태를 조사하고, 섭식 행동 유형별 영양 상태를 비교하여 이들 요인의 관련성을 분석하고자 수행되었다. 주요 결과는 첫째, 대상자의 성별에 따라 섭식 행동 수준과 유형의 분포는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 여학생이 남학생보다 감정적 섭식과 외부적 섭식 행동 수준이 높았고, 섭식 행동 유형에서 감정적, 절제적, 복합 섭식 유형이 많았다. 둘째, 대상자의 섭식 행동 유형에 따라 영양 상태는 차이가 있었다. 감정적 섭식 유형의 대상자가 절제적 섭식 유형보다 영양 지수가 낮았고, 다양과 식행동 영역에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 세부적으로 감정적 섭식 유형이 건강한 식생활에 대한 노력과 주관적 건강 상태, 영양 표시 확인, 식사 전 손 씻기, 물 섭취량에서 절제적 및 복합 유형보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 외부적 섭식 유형의 대상자는 절제적 섭식 유형보다 절제 수준이 유의하게 낮았으며, 라면과 가당 음료에 대한 절제력이 절제적 및 복합 섭식 유형보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 대학생의 섭식 행동 유형별로 잠재된 주요 영양 문제를 파악하였고, 유형별 문제 개선을 위한 맞춤 전략을 세우는 데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.