• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2010

2003년 3월 23일 한반도 홍도 해역, 3월 30일 한반도 백령도 해역에서 규모 5.0 및 4.8의 중규모 지진이 잇달아 발생하였다. 파형역산법을 적용하여 두 지진의 발진기구를 분석한 결과 3월 23일 지진은 약간의 역단층 성분을 포함하는 주향이동단층의 특성을 보이며, 3월 30일 지진은 정단층 특성을 보인다. P축의 방향은 동북동-서남서 방향으로 한반도 주응력 방향에 대한 이전 연구결과와 부합한다. 파형역산에 의한 각 지진의 모멘트규모는 4.7과 4.5로 결정되었으며, 스펙트럼 분석에 의한 각 지진의 모멘트규모는 4.8과 4.6으로 결정되었다. 홍도 해역 지진은 국지적인 응력보다는 황해에 전체적으로 작용하는 판구조적 응력 분포를 반영한다. 그러나 백령도 해역 지진은 기존의 섭입대나 충돌대에 의해 발생한 연약대가 인장방향의 응력을 받아 재활되어 발생하는 것으로 추정되며, 충돌대의 한반도 연장 가능성에 대한 지진학적 관측 증거를 간접적으로 제시한다.

• 지질공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.509-515
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• 2009

1999년 경상북도 경주 인근에서 지역규모($M_L$) 3.0 이상의 지진이 3차례(4월 24일, 6월 2일, 9월 12일)에 걸쳐 발생하였다. 진앙의 위치를 재결정한 결과 이 지진들의 진앙 사이 거리는 반경 1 km 내에 포함된다. 파형역산을 수행하여 6월 2일 지진의 발진기구를 분석하였으며, 나머지 지진들은 P파와 S파의 초동극성 및 진폭비를 이용하여 발진기구를 분석하였다. 6월 2일 및 9월 12일 지진은 단층면해가 서로 비슷하고, 4월 24일 지진은 상기 지진들의 단층면해를 포함하나 그 분포 범위가 상대적으로 넓다. 이 지진들의 발진기구는 공통적으로 약간의 정단층 성분을 포함한 주향이동단층의 특성을 보이며, P축의 방향은 동북동-서남서 방향으로 한반도 주응력 방향에 대한 이전 연구결과와 부합한다. 진앙 사이의 거리, 지진파형의 유사성, 지진들을 공통으로 기록한 지진관측소 지진자료 극성의 동일성, 발진기구의 유사성 등을 고려했을 때, 이 지진들은 동일한 단층에서 발생했을 것으로 1999년 경상북도 경주 인근에서 지역규모($M_L$) 3.0 이상의 지진이 3차례(4월 24일, 6월 2일, 9월 12일)에 걸쳐 발생하였다. 진앙의 위치를 재결정한 결과 이 지진들의 진앙 사이 거리는 반경 1 km 내에 포함된다. 파형역산을 수행하여 6월 2일 지진의 발진기구를 분석하였으며, 나머지 지진들은 P파와 S파의 초동극성 및 진폭비를 이용하여 발진기구를 분석하였다. 6월 2일 및 9월 12일 지진은 단층면해가 서로 비슷하고, 4월 24일 지진은 상기 지진들의 단층면해를 포함하나 그 분포 범위가 상대적으로 넓다. 이 지진들의 발진기구는 공통적으로 약간의 정단층 성분을 포함한 주향이동단층의 특성을 보이며, P축의 방향은 동북동-서남서 방향으로 한반도 주응력 방향에 대한 이전 연구결과와 부합한다. 진앙 사이의 거리, 지진파형의 유사성, 지진들을 공통으로 기록한 지진관측소 지진자료 극성의 동일성, 발진기구의 유사성 등을 고려했을 때, 이 지진들은 동일한 단층에서 발생했을 것으로 추정된다. 파형역산을 수행한 결과 6월 2일 지진의 지진모멘트는 $3.9\;{\times}\;10^{14}N{\cdot}m$로 계산되었으며, 이 값은 모멘트규모 3.7에 해당한다. 스펙트럼 분석을 통해 계산된 모멘트규모는 3.8로, 파형역산에 의한 모멘트규모와 비슷하다. 평균 응력강하는 7.5 MPa로 추정되었다. 3개 지진들을 공통으로 기록한 단일 지진관측소의 스펙트럼을 서로 비교한 결과 4월 24일 및 9월 12일 지진의 모멘트규모는 각각 3.2, 3.4로 추정되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2002

Objective s: Chromosome aneuploidy is associated with recurrent abortion and congenital anomaly and genetic diseases occur repeatedly in the specific families. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can prevent aneuploidy or genetic disease by selecting normal embryos before implantation and is an alternative to prenatal diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of PGD cycles by using FISH or PCR, and to determine the clinical usefulness and values in patients with risk of chromosomal aneuploidy or genetic disease. Materials and Methods: From 1995 to Apr. 2001, a total of 108 PGD cycles in 65 patients with poor reproductive outcome were analyzed. The indications of PGD were translocation (n=49), inversion (n=2), aneuploidy screening (n=7), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (n=5) and spinal muscular atrophy (n=2). PGD was applied due to the history of recurrent abortion, previous birth of affected child or risk of aneuploidy related to sex chromosome aneuploidy or old age. Blastomere biopsy was performed in 6$\sim$10 cell stage embryo after IVF with ICSI. In the single blastomere, chromosome aneuploidy was diagnosed by using FISH and PCR was performed for the diagnosis of exon deletion in DMD or SMA. Results: The FISH or PCR amplification was successful in 94.3% of biopsied blastomeres. The rate of transferable balanced emb ryos was 24.0% in the chromosome translocation and inversion, 57.1% for the DMD and SMA, and 28.8% for the aneuploidy screening. Overall hCG positive rate per transfer was 17.8% (18/101) and clinical pregnancy rate was 13.9% (14/101) (11 term pregnancy, 3 abortion, and 4 biochemical pregnancy). The clinical pregnancy rate of translocation and inversion was 12.9% (11/85) and abortion rate was 27.3% (3/11). In the DMD and SMA, the clinical pregnancy rate was 33.3% (3/9) and all delivered at term. The PGD results were confirmed by amniocentesis and were correct. When the embryos developed to compaction or morula, the pregnancy rate was higher (32%) than that of the cases without compaction (7.2%, p<0.01). Conclusions: PGD by using FISH or PCR is useful to get n ormal pregnancy by reducing spontaneous abortion associated with chromosome aneuploidy in the patients with structural chromosome aberration or risk of aneuploidy and can prevent genetic disease prior to implantation.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.428-439
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• 2020

Erwinia pyrifoliae is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen that causes black shoot blight in apple and pear. Although earlier studies reported the genome comparison of Erwinia species, E. pyrifoliae strains for such analysis were isolated in 1996. In 2014, the strain E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 was newly isolated in the apple tree showing black shoot blight in South Korea. This study aimed to better understand the similarities and differences caused by natural variations at the genomic level between newly isolated E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 and the strain Ep1/96, which were isolated almost 20 years apart. Several comparative genomic analyses were conducted, and Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) database was used to classify functional annotation for each strain. E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 had similarities with the Ep1/96 strain in stress-related genes, Tn3 transposase of insertion sequences, type III secretion systems, and small RNAs. The most remarkable difference to emerge from this comparison was that although the draft genome of E. pyrifoliae EpK1/15 was almost conserved, Epk1/15 strain had at least three sorts of structural variations in functional annotation according to COG database; chromosome inversion, translocation, and duplication. These results indicate that E. pyrifoliae species has gone natural variations within almost 20 years at the genomic level, and we can trace their similarities and differences with comparative genomic analysis.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2002

Aeromagnetic and gravity data were analyzed to delineate the subsurface structure of the Yeongdong basin and its related fault movement in the Okcheon fold belt. The aeromagnetic data of the total intensity (KIGAM, 1983) were reduced to the pole and three dimensional inverse modeling, which considers topography of the survey area in the modeling process, were carried out. The apparent susceptibility map obtained by three dimensional magnetic inversion, as well as the observed aeromagnetic anomaly itself, show clearly the gross structural trend of the Yeongdong basin in the direction on between $N30^{\circ}E$ and $N45^{\circ}E$. Gravity survey was carried out along the profile, of which the length is about 18.2 km across the basin. Maximum relative Bouguer anomaly is about 7 mgals. Both forward and inverse modeling were also carried out for gravity analysis. The magnetic and gravity results show that the Yeongdong basin is developed by the force which had created the NE-SW trending the magnetic anomalies. The susceptibility contrast around Yeongdong fault is apparent, and the southeastern boundary of the basin is clearly defined. The basement depth of the basin appears to be about 1.1 km beneath the sea level, and the width of the basin is estimated to be 7 km based on the simultaneous analysis of gravity and magnetic profiles. There exists an unconformity between the sedimentary rocks and the gneiss at the southeastern boundary, which is the Yeongdong fault, and granodiorite is intruded at the northwestern boundary of the basin. Our results of gravity and magnetic data analysis support that the Yeongdong basin is a pull-apart basin formed by the left-stepping sinistral strike-slip fault, which formed the Okcheon fold belt.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2005

Substructuring methods are often used in finite element structural analyses. In this study a multi-level substructuring(MLSS) algorithm is developed and proposed as a possible candidate for finite element fluid solvers. The present algorithm consists of four stages such as a gathering, a condensing, a solving and a scattering stage. At each level, a predetermined number of elements are gathered and condensed to form an element of higher level. At the highest level, each sub-domain consists of only one super-element. Thus, the inversion process of a stiffness matrix associated with internal degrees of freedom of each sub-domain has been replaced by a sequential static condensation of gathered element matrices. The global algebraic system arising from the assembly of each sub-domain matrices is solved using a well-known iterative solver such as the conjugare gradient(CG) or the conjugate gradient squared(CGS) method. A time comparison with CG has been performed on a 2-D Poisson problem. With one domain the computing time by MLSS is comparable with that by CG up to about 260,000 d.o.f. For 263,169 d.o.f using 8 x 8 sub-domains, the time by MLSS is reduced to a value less than $30\%$ of that by CG. The lid-driven cavity problem has been solved for Re = 3200 using the element interpolation degree(Deg.) up to cubic. in this case, preconditioning techniques usually accompanied by iterative solvers are not needed. Finite element formulation for the incompressible flow has been stabilized by a modified residual procedure proposed by Ilinca et al.[9].

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.177-187
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• 1999

Gravity, magnetic and VLF surveys were conducted to investigat the structural stability and hazards associated with the Ubong landfill in Pohang City, which has been built to dump industrial wastes. In 1994, the collapse of a bank happened in the 6th landfill site due to sudden heavy rain, and a large quantity of waste materials flowed out to the nearby landfill sites, factories and roads. We used $10{\times}10m$ resolution DEM data for gravity reductions. The maximum variation of the terrain effect in the survey area is about 0.5 mgal and the terrain effect is large in the vicinity of bank boundary. The Bouguer gravity anomaly map shows the effect due to the variatino of thickness and type of waste materials. The small negative gravity anomaly increases from the 9th site to the 6th site. The small negative gravity anomaly of the 9th site reflects the relatively shallow dumping depth of average 14.5 m in this site and increased density of waste materials by the repeated stabilization process of soil overlaying. The 6th site is located at the center of the former valley and rainfall and groundwater are expected to flow from south-east to north-west. Therefore, considering the previous accident of mixing waste and bank materials at the north-west boundary of the landfill, there may be some environmental problems of leakage of contaminated water and bank stability. The complex inversion technique using Simulated annealing and Marquardt-Levenberg methods was applied to calculate three-dimensional density distribution from gravity data. In the case of 6th site, it is apparent that the landfill had been dumped in four sectors. However, most part of the 9th site and showed that high magnetic industrial wastes were concentrated in the 6th site. The result of magnetic survey showing low magnetic anomalies along the boundaries of two sites is similar to that of gravity data. The VLF data also reveals four divided sectors in the 6th site, and overall anomaly trend indicates the directio of former valley.

• 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국석유지질학회 2000년도 제7차 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.57-72
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• 2000

The Murzuk Basin covers an area in excess of $350,000{\cal}km^2$, and is one of several intra-cratonic sag basins located on the Saharan Platform of North Africa. Compared with some of these basins, the Murzuk Basin has a relatively simple structure and stratigraphy, probably as a result of it's location on a the East Saharan Craton. The basin contains a sedimentary fill which reaches a thickness of about $4,000{\cal}m$ in the basin centre. This fill can be divided into a predominantly marine Paleozoic section, and a continental Mesozoic section. The principal hydrocarbon play consists of a glacial-marine sandstone reservoir of Cambro-Ordovician age, sourced and sealed by overlying Silurian shales. The present day borders of the basin are defined by tectonic uplifts, each of multi-phase generation, and the present day basin geometry bears little relation to the more extensive Early Palaeozoic sedimentary basin within which the reservoir and source rocks were deposited. The key to the understanding of the Cambro-Ordovician play is the relative timing of oil generation compared to the Cretaceous and Tertiary inversion tectonics which influenced source burial depth, reactivated faults and reorganised migration pathways. At the present day only a limited area of the basin centre remains within the oil generating window. Modelling of the timing and distribution of source rock maturity uses input data from AFTA and fluid inclusion studies to define palaeo temperatures, shale velocity work to estimate maximum burial depth and source rock geochemistry to define kinetics and pseudo-Ro. Migration pathways are investigated through structural analysis. The majority of the discovered fields and identified exploration prospects in the Murzuk Basin involve traps associated with high angle reverse faults. Extensional faulting occurred in the Cambro-Ordovician and this was followed by repeated compressional movements during Late Silurian, Late Carboniferous, Mid Cretaceous and Tertiary, each associated with regional uplift and erosion.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.73-87
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop fashion designs by applying the PO (Provocative Operation) method as a 3D virtual clothing program and to derive the PO application method in fashion design. The first T-shirt design was presented as an existing thinking method, and the second design was developed by applying escape, reversal, exaggeration, distortion, and hopeful thinking techniques, which are techniques for 'provocation' of the PO method, to the first design. Thus, 18 T-shirt designs were developed as 3D virtual clothing, with 3 sets of 6 designs, including the 1st and 2nd designs. The method of using the 'provocation' techniques of the PO method in the development of fashion design derived from this was as follows. First, the 'escape' technique was designed in such a way that a part of the detail or structure was deleted, or a part of the structure or expression element of another item was applied. Second, the 'inversion' technique was expressed by inverting the position or shape of a detail or structure up, down, left, and right; fitting the structural detail or reversing the shape; or converting the structure and form. Third, the 'exaggeration' technique exaggerated the size, length, and volume of a structure's form or detail. Fourth, the 'distortion' technique was expressed as a distortion of lines or shapes or a visual distortion using the Trompe l'oeil technique. Fifth, the 'hopeful thinking' technique was developed and expressed from the idea of an hypothetical 'if' it was absurd, irrational, and unrealistic.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.400-405
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• 2023

Tb³⁺-doped CaNb₂O₆ (CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺) thin films were deposited on quartz substrates at a growth temperature of 300 ℃ using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The deposited thin films were annealed at several annealing temperatures for 20 min and characterized for their structural, morphological, and luminescent properties. The experimental results showed that the annealing temperature had a significant effect on the properties of the CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺ thin films. The crystalline structure of the as-grown CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺ thin films transformed from amorphous to crystalline after annealing at temperatures greater than or equal to 700 ℃. The emission spectra of the thin films under excitation at 251 nm exhibited a dominant emission band at 546 nm arising from the ⁵D₄→⁷F₅ magnetic dipole transition of Tb³⁺ and three weak emission bands at 489, 586, and 620 nm, respectively. The intensity of the ⁵D₄→⁷F₅ (546 nm) magnetic dipole transition was greater than that of the ⁵D₄→⁷F₆ (489 nm) electrical dipole transition, indicating that the Tb³⁺ ions in the host crystal were located at sites with inversion symmetry. The average transmittance at wavelengths of 370~1,100 nm decreased from 86.8 % at 700 ℃ to 80.5 % at an annealing temperature of 1,000 ℃, and a red shift was observed in the bandgap energy with increasing annealing temperature. These results suggest that the annealing temperature plays a crucial role in developing green light-emitting CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺ thin films for application in electroluminescent displays.