• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
• /
• no.10
• /
• pp.276-322
• /
• 2004

Historical interest in China in 1930s has been mostly focused on political characteristic of the National Government(國民政府) which was established by the KMT(中國國民黨) as a result of national unification. It is certain that China had a chance to construct a modern country by the establishment of the very unified revolutionary government. But, it was the time of expanding national crises that threatened the existence of the country such as the Manchurian Incident and the Chinese-Japanese War as well as the chaos of the domestic situation, too. So it has a good reason to examine the characteristic and pattern of the response of the political powers of those days. But, as shown in the recent studies, the manifestation method of political power by the revolutionary regime catches our attention through the understanding of internal operating system. Though this writing started from the fact that the Nationalist Government executed the administrative reform which aimed at "administrative efficiency" in the middle of 1930s, but it put stress on the seriousness of the problem and its solution rather than political background or results. "Committee on Administrative Efficiency(行政效率委員會)", the center of administrative reform movement which was established in 1934, examined the plan to execute the reform through legislation by the Executive Council(行政院) on the basis of the results of relevant studies. They claimed that the construction of a modern country should be performed by not political revolution anymore but by gradual improvement and daily reform, and that the operation of the government should become modern, scientific and efficient. There were many fields of administrative reform subjects, but especially, the field of records and archives adminstration(文書檔案行政) was studied intensively from the initial stage because that subject had already been discussed intensively. They recognized that records and archives were the basic tool of work performance and general activity but an inefficient field in spite of many input staff members, and most of all, archival reform bring about less conflicts than the fields of finance, organization and personnel. When it comes to the field of records adminstration, the key subjects that records should be written simply, the process of record treatment should be clear and the delay of that should be prevented were already presented in a records administrative meeting in 1922. That is, the unified law about record management was not established, so each government organization followed a conventional custom or performed independent improvement. It was through the other records administrative workshop of the Nationalist Government in 1933 when the new trend was appeared as the unified system improvement. They decided to unify the format of official records, to use marker and section, to unify the registration of receipt records and dispatch records and to strengthen the examination of records treatment. But, the method of records treatment was not unified yet, so the key point of records administrative reform was to establish a unified and standard record management system for preventing repetition by simplifying the treatment procedure and for intensive treatment by exclusive organizations. From the foundation of the Republic of China to 1930s, there was not big change in the field of archives administration, and archives management methods were prescribed differently even in the same section as well as same department. Therefore, the point at issue was to centralize scattered management systems that were performed in each section, to establish unified standard about filing and retention period allowance and to improve searching system through classification and proper number allowance. Especially, the problem was that each number system and classification system bring about different result due to dual operation of record registration and archives registration, and that strict management through mutual contrast, searching and application are impossible. Besides, various problems such as filing tools, arrangement method, preservation facilities & equipment, lending service and use method were raised also. In the process this study for the system improvement of records and archives management, they recognized that records and archives are the identical thing and reached to create a successive management method of records and archives called "Records and Archives Chain Management Method(文書檔案連鎖法)" as a potential alternative. Several principles that records and archives management should be performed unitedly in each organization by the general record recipient section and the general archives section under the principle of task centralization, a consistent classification system should be used by classification method decided in advance according to organizational constitution and work functions and an identical number system should be used in the process of record management stage and archive management stage by using a card-type register were established. Though, this "Records and Archives Chain Management Method" was developed to the stage of test application in several organizations, but it was not adopted as a regular system and discontinued. That was because the administrative reform of the Nationalist Government was discontinued by the outbreak of the Chinese-Japanese War. Even though the administrative reform in the middle of 1930s didn't produce practical results but merely an experimentation, it was verified that the reform against tradition and custom conducted by the Nationalist Government that aimed for the construction of a modern country was not only a field of politics, but on the other hand, the weak basis of the government operation became the obstacle to the realization of the political power of the revolutionary regime. Though the subject of records and archives administrative reform was postponed to the future, it should be understood that the consciousness of modern records and archives administration and overall studies began through this examination of administrative reform.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 1974

From the results of countrywide two year N. P. K simple trial with newly bred IR 667-Suwon 214 and leading local varieties for comparison soil productivity (yield without fertilizer) and fertilization productivity (yield increase with fertilizer) were investigated. 1. IR667 showed higher yield than leading local by 19% in 1971 and by 12% in the year of low temperature stress, 1972. High yielding capacity of IR667 was attributed to greater number of spikelet per panicle. The coefficient of variation in yield was smaller in IR667 but the leading locals showed higher yield in 23(1971) and 30% (1972) of the fields. 2. IR667 required more nitrogen, especially phosphorus and potassium. Fertilization efficiency (yield increment per unit fertilizer) in IR667 was-about 4kg higher in nitrogen but smaller in phosphorus and almost the same in potassium. 3. Soil productivity was higher in IR667 but percent contribution of soil productivity to total productivity (field productivity) was lower. 4. Percent contribution of fertilization productivity to field productivity was 19 to 33, of which 5 was due to phosphorus and potassium. 5. The greater the soil productivity, the greater the field productivity becomes, but the much greater the percentage contribution of soil productivity becomes. 6. Fertility saturation point at which fertilization efficiency is nil, was propoesd as a soil productivity (or field productivity) limit.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.328-346
• /
• 2012

This study provides quantitative constraints on Neogene uplift in the Korean peninsula using onshore paleo-shoreline records and seismic data. The eastern margin of Northeast Asia including Korea sits in the back-arc system behind the Western Pacific Subduction Zone, a complex trench triple junction of the Philippine Sea, Pacific, and Eurasian (Amurian) plates. An analysis of seismic data in the subduction zone shows that the pattern of uplift in the peninsula mirrors the extent of deep seismicity in subducting Pacific plate beneath. Combined with previous tomographic studies it is proposed that uplift is partly driven by asthenospheric upwelling caused by a sinking slab during the Neogene. In addition, the SHmax orientations of E-W and N-S trends in the peninsula are consistent with the prevailing in-situ stress fields in the eastern Eurasian continent generated by various plate boundary forces. The uplift in Korea during the Late Neogene is attributed, in part, to lithospheric failure relating to faulting movements, thus providing a link between dynamic effects of mantle upwelling at sinking slab edge and lithospheric responses driven by plate boundary forces.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 2012

Perception level and social position of radiological technologist influence satisfaction level of their job. This study aims to use foundational data to improve perception level and social position of radiological technologists. We conducted interviews and a fill-out survey with 233 students who have been majoring in health-related fields at five universities and colleges located in Busan and who finished internship programs. The study analyzed 233 answer sheets excluding 17 inadequate answer sheets using T-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis with SAS9.1. The mean score of perception level was $3.33{\pm}0.56$. The personal image of radiological technologist showed the best score($3.43{\pm}0.56$) whereas the social image showed the worst($3.12{\pm}0.58$). According to the classification of the subject, the answer, "radiological technologist is specialized job", showed the best score($3.99{\pm}0.79$). The answer "radiological technologist suffered from less stress and workload than others when they work usually" showed the worst score($2.88{\pm}0.98$). According to the classification of each health-related major, the mean score of students who are a major in the department of the radiological technologist was the best($3.46{\pm}0.46$) and the students who are major in department of the physical therapy was the worst($3.24{\pm}0.40$). The radiological technologist have to effort to make positive image in the hospital. It is possible to be developed their knowledge and professionalism by cooperating between school and hospital as well as advertising with mass madia.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 1999

Many domestic users complain about severe pain to the waist, neck, and shoulder as well as work performance because the domestic chair design was developed with western anthropometry dimension and design criteria. Ergonomic design standards are needed for office chair design to reduce stress and poor physical posture for various user body types. In this study, we have suggested design dimensions recommended from previous studies and Korean anthropometry data. We also have reviewed users' preference dimension through measured subjects and analyzed differences between users' preference dimension and the previous design criteria to verify physical appropriateness. We evaluated general office chairs and adjustable chairs which can adjust to fit each person. we also analyzed how each design dimension was reached and affected the human body by evaluation of physical discomfort and comfort. We have found seat height is very important in a workstation. If the seat height is high, it effects the thigh. If width, height, and angle of the backrest are wrong, fatigue to the shoulder, neck, and waist, etc.. As a result of this experiment, we suggested that the height of a seat for Koreans be 425mm for the fixed type and 365-484mm for the adjustable type. Also other design recommendations were suggested in the thesis. In conclusion, our research will be very important in the database because it provides adjustable ranges to fit user's body types in the various design fields.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.4 s.62
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2005

Until the early part of the 1990s, interior design has never been thought important by car makers. Repeated attempts have been made to systemize a technical structure, such as layout, driving method, and size, and the car's interior design has been developed by in simple comparison with the exterior design. In the 1990s, however, this trend began to change because consumers began spending more time in their cars, so the motive of the technology development became that of giving comfort and functional satisfaction to the customers. Observing how a person spends inside his or her car and considering the latest trends in car interiors have made a consumer-oriented sense of value i.e., intensifying the personality of the car's interior design and considering the emotional makeup of the consumer factor in the acquisition of a strategic brand identity. These days, car interiors assume a new concept every year due to the constant change in various factors, and the application of a high-tech design, with a sensing function and a navigation system, to achieve driverless running, is being raised as a key trend element technology for the future. Now, at the present when multilateral concept applications of design are attempted under the direct influences from other fields such as product design, fashion and furniture, I would like to lay stress on investigating and analysing the changes in car interior design varying with the background of the times and formative characteristics from the object point of view. On this study, I would like to compare the background of the times and flow of car interior design with priority given to crash pad and would like to attempt to present the direction of the future car interior design together with diversifying major technical factors.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.43 no.10
• /
• pp.870-879
• /
• 2020

Dendrites require precise and timely delivery of protein substrates to distal areas to ensure the correct morphology and function of neurons. Many of these protein substrates are supplied in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex consisting of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and mRNAs, which are subsequently translated in distal dendritic areas. It remains elusive, however, whether key RBPs supply mRNA according to local demands individually or in a coordinated manner. In this study, we investigated how Drosophila sensory neurons respond to the dysregulation of a disease-associated RBP, Ataxin-2 (ATX2), which leads to dendritic defects. We found that ATX2 plays a crucial role in spacing dendritic branches for the optimal dendritic receptive fields in Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neurons, where both expression level and subcellular location of ATX2 contribute significantly to this effect. We showed that translational upregulation through the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) further enhanced the ATX2-induced dendritic phenotypes. Additionally, we found that the expression level of another disease-associated RBP, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), decreased in both cell bodies and dendrites when neurons were faced with aberrant upregulation of ATX2. Finally, we revealed that the PAM2 motif of ATX2, which mediates its interaction with poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), is potentially necessary for the decrease of FMRP in certain neuronal stress conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that dysregulation of RBPs triggers a compensatory regulation of other functionally-overlapping RBPs to minimize RBP dysregulation-associated aberrations that hinder neuronal homeostasis in dendrites.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 2015

Surface modification is a technology to form a new surface layer and overcome the intrinsic properties of the base material by applying thermal energy or stress onto the surface of the material. The purpose of this technique is to achieve anti-corrosion, beautiful appearance, wear resistance, insulation and conductance for base materials. Surface modification techniques may include plating, chemical conversion treatment, painting, lining and surface hardening. Among which, a surface modification process using electrolytes has been investigated for a long time in connection with research on its industrial application. The technology is highly favoured by various fields because it provides not only high productivity and cost reduction opportunities, but also application availability for components with complex geometry. In this study, an electrochemical experiment was performed on the surface of 5083-O Al alloy to determine an optimal electrolyte temperature, which produces surface with excellent corrosion resistance under marine environment than the initial surface. The experiment result, the modified surface presented a significantly lower corrosion current density with increasing electrolyte temperature, except for $5^{\circ}C$ of electrolyte temperature at which premature pores was created.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.65 no.2
• /
• pp.104-112
• /
• 2020

Maize is thought to be an alternative crop to rice in paddy fields for efficient field management and maintenance of rice production at appropriate levels in Korea. Thus efforts to breed waterlogging-tolerant maize cultivars have been ongoing. However, molecular studies related to waterlogging tolerance are limited for developing molecular markers to select waterlogging tolerant maize varieties. In this study, we examined molecular biological changes of B73 in the V3 stage after immersion treatment for 7 days. Overall growth of maize was lower in treated samples compared to non-immersed control samples. The length of leaf and root decreased by 21.3% and 50.6%, respectively and the weight of root reduced by 21.6%. Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value and chlorophyll content of leaf also decreased by 55.7% and 35.3%, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of root increased by 46.5% at 2 hours in immersion treatment. In addition, immersed roots were 2.5-fold thickened with additional aerenchyma formation in the cortex. In order to identify the causes of these changes, we performed a microarray and found increased expression of genes, such as WIP1, PMIP2, EXPA1, TPS1, and MAS1, in immersed samples. These differentially expressed genes and expression of previously reported genes, including ALDH2, Wusl1032, UP-1, UP-2, and CAT2 were further confirmed with qRT-PCR. Here, we report 7 differentially expressed genes after immersing treatment, which may be utilized as useful resources for breeding waterlogging- tolerant maize.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.3-20
• /
• 2019

With advancements in technology of virtual reality, it is used for various purposes in many fields such as medical care and healthcare, but as the same time there are also increasing reports of nausea, eye fatigue, dizziness, and headache from users. These symptoms of motion sickness are referred to as cybersickness, and various researches are under way to solve the cybersickness problem because it can cause inconvenience to the user and cause adverse effects such as discomfort or stress. However, there is no official standard for the causes and solutions of cybersickness at present. This is also related to the absence of tools to quantitatively measure the cybersickness. In order to overcome these limitations, this study proposed quantitative and objective cybersickness evaluation method. We measured 128-channel EEG waves from ten participants experiencing visually stimulated virtual reality. We calculated the relative power of delta and alpha in 11 regions (left, middle, right frontal, parietal, occipital and left, right temporal lobe). Multiple regression models were obtained in a stepwise manner with the motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ) scores indicating the susceptibility of the subject to the motion sickness. A multiple regression model with the highest under the area ROC curve (AUC) was derived. In the multiple regression model derived from this study, it was possible to distinguish cybersickness by accuracy of 95.1% with 11 explanatory variables (P_D.MF, P_D.LP, P_D.MP, P_D.RP, P_D.MO, P_A.LF, P_A.MF, P_A.RF, P_A.LP, P_A.RP, P_A.MO). In summary, in this study, objective response to cybersickness was confirmed through 128 channels of EEG. The analysis results showed that there was a clearly distinguished reaction at a specific part of the brain. Using the results and analytical methods of this study, it is expected that it will be useful for the future studies related to the cybersickness.