• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.152-167
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• 2005

This study aims to aid hair fashion design for using hair style change by knowing the hair fashion images' characteristics. To accomplish this purpose, posed a questions to capital area university women students from June 3. 2005. to June 23. 2005. The hair fashion images' characteristics are; (1) avant-garde - unique style of every categories, (2) ethnic - korean style of center part, no volume, down chignon, inactivated texture, (3) romantic pretty - girl like cute style of long, wide wave, wide braid, center part or bang, activated texture, using pin or ribon, (4) elegance - graceful style of down point up style having wave, volume and activated texture, (5) sexy - sexual attractive style of long & wide wave or straight with high volume, activated texture(wet feeling hair styles also possible), (6) sophisticate - refined urban style of inactivated textured graduation and layered straight hair, (7) natural - inartificial style of no volume, inactivated long straight and binding hair, (8) sporty - activated style of activated and inactivated textured short hair.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.41-51
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• 2002

The author of the paper investigated the changes of hairstyle along the developments in hairdressing industry in the 20th century. The development process of hairdressing industry was divided into four periods of introduction, origination, growth, and establishment. The corresponding changes of hairstyle were analyzed and the findings are as follows. 1. Hairstyle could be classified into such typical ones as traditional style, cut, bob, wave, permanent wave, up style, and hair coloring. 2. Fashion leaders affected the changes of hairstyle. 3. Whenever hairdressing appliances were introduced, new hairstyle was practiced as follows with the use of the appliances. (1) Introduction Period - Traditional Style : Chignon, pigtail ribbon $\rightarrow$ Variations were designed in hair length or split due to the limited availability of appliances. - Up Style : Pompadour, thick and up hair, encircling hair $\rightarrow$ Padding was used for sweep-up. (2) Origination Period - Bob Style : Women's first bob style. - Wave style : Wave with bob, close-cropped hair, up style $\rightarrow$ Iron, set, permanent devices were used. (3) Development Period - Wave Style : Wind wave, easily manageable wave $\rightarrow$ Blow dry, body permanent were used. (4) Establishment Period - Straight Style : Use of straight permanent. - Thick Wave Style : Development of various kinds of rod. - Hair Coloring : Advent of diverse fashion hair coloring, apart from the coloring of white hair, with the introduction of color TV. - Bob Style : Romantic bob style $^{\circ}\hat{E}$ Use of clippers and thinning scissors. Thus, the changes of hairstyle according to the development in hairdressing industry had close relationship with the improvement in hairdressing appliances.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.156-165
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare men's hair style preference by gender according to occassion. Data were collected through a survey of 149 males and 175 females and analyzed by SPSS packages. The results of this study were as follows : 1) Male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to shot, nature wave and black hair. 2) Both male and female don't prefer to permanent and hair dyeing. 3) On the occasion of job interview, both male and female prefer to short, straight and black hair. On the occasion of blind date, male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to short, natural wave and natural brown hair. On the occasion of matchmaker meeting for marriage, male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to short, natural wave and dark brown hair. On the occasion of club party, male prefers to middle length, straight and black hair while female prefers middle length, natural wave and natural brown hair. On the occasion of leasure time, male prefers to short, straight and black hair while female prefers to short, natural wave and natural brown hair. And both male and female prefer to use hats for skin protection during outdoor leasure time.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.6 s.53
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• pp.971-983
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceiver's social value, hair style, and hair color of object person on image perceptions. For social value variable, materialism and traditionalism were investigated. Subjects were 343 women in Seoul. Perceiver's materialism gave a significant influence on perception of elegance. The less materialistic group evaluated the hair style of object person more elegant than the more materialistic group. The more traditional group evaluated bright brown hairs less pretty than the less traditional group. This means that traditional people have less preferable image on bright brown hairs compared to the black and dark brown hair as it is different from Korean traditional hair color. Medium straight hair styles were evaluated lowest in preference and individuality. Short straight hairs were evaluated as the most elegant style and medium permanent hairs as the least elegant one. Long wavy hairs were evaluated highest in femininity, and straight hairs were evaluated lower in prettiness and activity than wavy hairs. The bright brown hairs were evaluated as the most individual color, and black was the least one. The bright brown was perceived lowest in elegance. Black and dark brown of the short straight hair style were perceived much more elegant than the bright brown of the same style, and black long wavy hairs were evaluated highest in femininity. The present findings provide that social value, hair style, and hair color are significant characteristics when perceiving women's image.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2013

This study aims to discuss the image making of K-pop girl groups to provide an outlook on the necessary fashion components in order to express certain concepts by analyzing the fashion styles. The fashion styles of the representative girl groups from 2007 to 2011 were classified into five types: retro style, schoolgirl style, chic style, sporty style and marine style. The following are the features and elements of image making by style. The retro style pursued going back to the past. It used stripes, dots, leopard patterns, spangles and denim. It reproduced the style of the past to the trendy style using big sunglasses, retro makeup, girlish hair and gold wigs. The schoolgirl style created the sexy or cute image by using school uniforms as the motif including shirts, short pants and knee socks. It included having natural makeup and straight hair and differentiated colors, patterns and designs. The chic style was classified into rock chic look and sexy look. Both looks had common elements including smoky pop active makeup while the fashion concepts and hair styles were different. The sporty style took the concept of cheer girls. It used plaid shirts, baseball jackets, short pants, thigh high boots, vivid hair accessories, romantic makeup and straight, wave hair. The marine style took the naval uniform as the motif. It expressed the image using short pants, stripe patterns, wappens, naval caps and smoky sexy makeup, straight hair. K-pop girl group fashion is the driving force for the growth of Korean fashion industry as well as its cultural trends and hope that it have a growing influence on the global market and trend through continuing research and support.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

Recently, research on variables associated with hair styles are increasing with the spreading of total coordinated intention in the fields of clothing and cosmetology. In the present study, we focused on examining the skin temperature on the scalp(the vertex, temporal, and occiput), humidity on the occiput, skin temperatures (the forehead, back of ear, back of neck, upper back, abdomen, forearm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot), rectal temperature, total body mass loss by hair styles in a thermal neutral environment. Four young females participated as subjects. For a certain period, each subject had the five different hair styles in a random order: (1)Straight short hair(SS), (2)Perm waved short hair(PS), (3) Straight long hair(SL), (4)Perm waved long hair(PL), (5)Ponytail style(PT). Subjects wore briefs, bra, shirts with long sleeves, long legged training pants, and socks. The environmental variables of a climatic chamber were kept constant at $21{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ of air temperature and 55${\pm}$5%RH of air humidity. The results indicated the following: The skin temperature and humidity on the scalp did not show any significant differences among five different hair styles, but straight long hair style(SL)was the highest on the vertex, temporal, and occiput. The temporal skin temperature($29.8\sim30.8^{\circ}C$) was the highest, while the vertex skin temperature($28.7\sim30.1^{\circ}C$) was the lowest. Humidity on the occiput was the highest in the perm waved long hair style(PL). The back of ear skin temperature was significantly lower in the ponytail style(PT) than in the other four hair styles(p<.001). In the straight long hair style(SL), the skin temperature on the back of the neck and on the upper back were significantly higher than those of the other four hair styles(p<.01). Mean skin temperature and rectal temperature had no significant differences among hair styles. Total body mass was the highest in the perm waved long hair style(PL)(p<.05). We acquired fundamental data to enable the improvement of the current hair clinic system, wigs, functional hats, and helmets.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2024

This study aims to investigate the differences in blue jean styles and the visual images associated with them. To achieve this, literature reviews, case studies, and surveys were conducted. The results are as follows. 1) Based on previous studies, it was found that the design elements influencing the style of blue jeans and their visual images include waistline position, silhouette, details, decorations, and color. Additionally, differences in the preferences and visual evaluations of Korean and Chinese individuals regarding the style of blue jeans were confirmed. 2) Skinny blue jeans are typically characterized by a high waistline and a length that reaches the ankles, featuring a snug fit with stretchy fabric. Straight blue jeans, on the other hand, usually have a natural or high waistline and cover the instep, with a straight silhouette descending from the thigh to the hem. Bell-bottom blue jeans are primarily high-waisted and cover the instep with a silhouette forming a bell shape from the knee to the hem. 3) Korean and Chinese women in their 20s evaluated skinny, straight, and bell-bottom styles of blue jeans as having a 'casual' image. However, they also associated bell-bottom style blue jeans with 'unique' and 'attractive' images. Interestingly, Korean women described skinny-style blue jeans as making someone look 'youthful', while Chinese women perceived them as 'sophisticated', 'making the waist look thicker', and 'unassuming'. As for straight-style blue jeans, Korean women saw them as 'well-fitting', while Chinese women described them as 'making one appear taller', 'desirable', and 'free-spirited'.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.159-171
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristic of Chanel style between modern and postmodern period. The documentary research method was used for this study. The modem period was limited from around 1920 through 1939 and the postmodern period from 1990 through present for this research. The results were summarized as follows: The characteristics of clothing style in modem period were 1) the preference of slim & straight body figure as ideal one and slim & straight clothing silhouette, 2) the high fashion image for the elite by simple & basic design, 3) the emphasis on the harmony by the unity, 4) the tendency of eliminating ornaments on clothing, 5) the discontinuation of traditional way of dress code & style, and 6) the modern style. The characteristics of clothing style in postmodern period were 1) the emphasis on erotic aspects of female body and sexy design, 2) the popularization of high fashion and certain social group's fashion, 3) the tendency of harmony by mix-match, 4) the preference of ornaments in clothing, 5) the preference of retro-fashion, and 6) the continuation of modem style.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.105-120
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• 2003

Culture and society exist in the present, but they came from the past. So did clothing. As dressing is deeply based on culture pattern of the times, it is affected by various culture patterns and still keeps developing in modern times. This study is intended to examine the features of retro fashion on culture and dressing of the 19th century. The features of retro fashion on Neoclassical and Romantic culture and dressing are objection to the existing pattern, recursion to the past, and creativity characteristic of pattern of those days. Neoclassicism arose as it rejected Baroque and Rococo style, and imitated culture and artistic pattern of Greece and Rome. Romanticism objected to formal and universal pattern of Neoclassicism, and imitated Gothic style while recognizing historical facts and studying medieval times. Dressing in Neoclassicism did not accept exaggerated and luxurious Rococo pattern, and imitated simple, soft and straight silhouette of Greece and Rome and created its unique Empire Style. Romanticism imitated luxurious style of Renaissance, the Middle Ages, Baroque, and Rococo, different from simple and straight neoclassical style during the Bourbon restoration, and created its unique style. Thus, it is shown that retro fashion on Neoclassical and Romantic culture and dressing reflect the style of those days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.3 s.93
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the changing process of hairstyle and the fashion trend of hairstyle in the environment where it is possible to change one's hairstyle easily arid .display oneself in various ways and the interest in hairstyle is increasing. To examine the change of real university girls' hairstyle, I selected commencement pictures of Chungnam University as material. As a method of analysis, I compared and anaylized each time period's fashion trend and the change of real university girls' hairstyle after abstracting formative element of hairstyle on the basis of preceding studies on hairstyle and measuring frequency by element of each time period. Analyzing university girls' pictures showed that many of them had curls when various perms appeared and majority of them had straight style when straight perm and magic iron appeared. When products of hairstyling were on the market and globalization changed sense of beauty, it was highly popular to set up forelock with hairstyling products. In a pluralistic social environment, desire for color aspect other than formative aspect increased. As various hairdyes were developed, hairdyeing was generalized and university girls came to accept it as natural. Fashion trend of each time period and university girls' hairstyle showed generally similar trend. In mid 1980s, curl was popular, and, in late 1980s, straight style and setting up forelock with hairstyling products were on the increase. In early 1990s, the emergence of coating perm which combined perm and hairdyeing increased hairdyeing. In late 1990s, straight style was popular and layers expressed naturalness. In early 2000s, university girls showed off their long hair in various ways and hairdyeing drastically increased.