• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2007

Through analysing on construction cases of stupa built in A.D. 7,8th, I have researched about these : constructive methods of inner soil of stupa, spatial compositions, characteristics of structures, arrangements of inner soil and etc. And cases analysed are six ; Mireuksajiseoktap(stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple site), Gameunsajisamcheumgseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Gameunsa Temple site), Goseonsajisamcheungseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Goseonsa Temple site), Wolseong nawolliocheungseoktap(five storied stone pagoda in Nawonri, Wolseong), Guksagokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Guksa valley), Giamgokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Giam valley). Additionally we researched about inner soil of Sacheonwangsaji tapji(basement of stone stupa site in Sacheonwang Temple site) to speculate on composition of Synthetically, the foundation could be divided as core space and outer space. ; the former as structural function and the latter as ornamental function. And the core area could be divided again as center column space and buffer space. The relationship between core spaces and its formation are as belows; First, according to the area of foundation and scale of stone pagoda, formations of core are differed. As the scale of stone pagoda goes bigger, and the area of foundation goes larger, the structure of stone pagoda comprised by center column type and layered-core which endure upper load independently. On the contrary, as the scale of stone pagoda goes smaller, and the area of foundation goes lesser, the structure of stone pagoda tend to use only center column to endure upper part. Second, spatial composition of core area is comprised as two spaces, one which endure upper load and buffer space which absorb side pressure and upper pressure. The buffer space tend to be used in case of those structures which could not endure side pressure or have lots of joint. In some cases, it was located below the cover stone of foundation and gained upper load. And in case that have not gained pressure from side stone, the buffer space are comprised by smalle stone or roof tile to get structural supplement.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.855-866
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• 2024

The set of all prime L-fuzzy ideals of an ADL A with truth values in a frame L is topologized and the resulting space is denoted by 𝓕_L Spec (A), called fuzzy Stone space of A. Certain properties of the space 𝓕_L Spec (A) are discussed, and it is proved that 𝓕_L Spec (A) is homeomorphic with the product space Spec (A) × Spec (L).

• 충청수학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.525-527
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• 2019

Let X be a completely regular space and let β(X) be the Stone-Čech compactification of X. A flow 𝜙 on X can be extended to a flow 𝚽 on β(X).

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

In this paper, we show that for any ${\sigma}$-complete Boolean subalgebra $\mathcal{M}$ of $\mathcal{R}(X)$ containing $Z(X)^{\sharp}$, the Stone-space $S(\mathcal{M})$ of $\mathcal{M}$ is a basically diconnected cover of ${\beta}X$ and that the subspace {${\alpha}{\mid}{\alpha}$ is a fixed $\mathcal{M}$-ultrafilter} of the Stone-space $S(\mathcal{M})$ is the the minimal basically disconnected cover of X if and only if it is a basically disconnected space and $\mathcal{M}{\subseteq}\{\Lambda_X(A){\mid}A{\in}Z({\Lambda}X)^{\sharp}\}$.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.838-845
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• 2006

Recently construction work in Korea, demands of favorable condition ground had been increased with industrialization acceleration and economic growth. However, because of limited land space, it was so hard to ensure favorable condition grounds that construction work proceeds until soft ground area on plans of road, railroad and industrial complex. In this case, soft ground improvement was required such as a stone column method. Stone column method, making a compaction pile using crushed stone, is a soft ground improvement method. However, stone column method is difficult to apply to the ground which is not mobilized enough lateral confine pressure because no bulging failure resistance. Hence, in present study, evaluates the stone columns reinforced by geogrid for settlement reduction and wide range of application of stone columns. Triaxial compression tests were conducted for evaluation which is about behavior characteristics of stone column on replacement rate. Then, 3-dimensional numerical analysis were conducted for application of stone column reinforced by geogrid as evaluate behavior characteristics and settlement reduction effect of stone column reinforced by geogrid on reinforcing depth change of geogrid.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2012

In this paper, we first show that for any space X, there is a Boolean subalgebra $\mathcal{G}(z_X)$ of R(X) containg $\mathcal{G}(X)$. Let X be a strongly zero-dimensional space such that $z_{\beta}^{-1}(X)$ is the minimal cloz-coevr of X, where ($E_{cc}({\beta}X)$, $z_{\beta}$) is the minimal cloz-cover of ${\beta}X$. We show that the minimal cloz-cover $E_{cc}(X)$ of X is a subspace of the Stone space $S(\mathcal{G}(z_X))$ of $\mathcal{G}(z_X)$ and that $E_{cc}(X)$ is a strongly zero-dimensional space if and only if ${\beta}E_{cc}(X)$ and $S(\mathcal{G}(z_X))$ are homeomorphic. Using these, we show that $E_{cc}(X)$ is a strongly zero-dimensional space and $\mathcal{G}(z_X)=\mathcal{G}(X)$ if and only if ${\beta}E_{cc}(X)=E_{cc}({\beta}X)$.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2014

The stone pagoda of Mireuk temple site is currently restoring through the repairing process. This stone pagoda has the various construction types in the inner and outer space. Therefore, the stress concentration and structural behavior need to be considered through the analysis of various construction patterns. To this end, this study presents the structural modelling and analysis considering the discrete element analysis technique to solve the discontinuum behavior between the stone elements. Also, this study performs the structural performance evaluation through the various design variables for the safety of stone pagoda. Through the analysis results, we can find out the small stress concentration in the several members. But, because the stresses and displacements are relatively small, we can secure the safety of the whole structure.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2005

This study is to find out the plan intention of the central space through visual analysis on the east and west stone pagodas relative to a main Buddhist hall, and the relation between the stone pagodas in Hwaeomsa.(華嚴寺) According to the analysis of it in this study, we make conclusions as follows; 1) The east and west stone pagodas was arranged with overlapping each Daeungjeon(大雄殿) and Gakhwangjeon(覺皇殿) for the view of a specific viewpoint, on the right of Bojeru(普濟樓). 2) The centering around a compositive axis which connect Gakhwangjeon, stone lantern, and stairs, the axis of two stone pagodas is not coincident. 3) Courtyard in Hwaeomsa is separated by high a stone wall for reinforcement, but it is integrated into visual perception owing to height of two stone pagodas connected visual line to Daeungjeon and Gakhwangjeon.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2009

석탑들은 일반적으로 석탑 내부에 사리공과 같은 작은 내부 공간이 존재하며 이 내부 공간의 크기가 석탑문화재 보전에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 또한 석탑의 기울기 역시 석탑 보전을 위해 고려해야할 중요한 인자이다. 본 논문에서는 자중을 받고 있는 정혜사지 십삼층석탑에 대하여 유한요소법을 이용한 전산해석을 실시하여 석탑의 최대취약부위를 조사하고 내부 공간 및 기울기 변화에 따라 최대취약부위에 어떻게 영향을 주는지 연구하였다. 그리고 탑의 파손위험성을 판단할 수 있는 변형 및 음력의 관점에서 석탑의 내부 공간 및 기울기 변화에 의한 안전진단기준이 제시되었다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2010

The Therme Vals is a hotel and spa which combines a complete sensory experience designed by Peter Zumthor. This study aims to find emotional design approaches of the Therme Vals through references, observation from site visit, interview and discussion related to this topic. This space was designed for visitors to luxuriate and rediscover the ancient benefits of bathing. The combinations of light and shade, open and enclosed spaces and linear elements make for a highly sensuous and restorative experience. The study observed the emotional design characteristics of the Therme Vals through space approach, aesthetic and experiential sides. For space approach side, emotional experience in gradual process to approach the space was mentioned, for aesthetic side, mystical combination of light, stone and water was observed, for experiential side, 5 senses experience and space programing for adjusting the density of the space were observed. This study found that the spa has the quality of spiritual, soul-touching delight like religious experience. The fascination for the mystic qualities of a world of stone within the mountain, for darkness and light, for light reflections on the water or in the steam saturated air, pleasure in the unique acoustics of the bubbling water in a world of stone, the ritual of bathing-all these notions were explained in Peter Zumthor's construction details. In the result of the interview and discussion, people love the space and praised it highly for the emotional design regardless of space experience, age, sex or ethnicity. Emotional design approaches based on human nature, materiality, and memory of the places is more powerful than other emotional design ideas with technical devices, special themes, digital effects, vivid colors and shapes.