• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.181-195
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• 2000

A two-step procedure for the application of non linear constrained programming to the limit analysis of rigid brick-block systems with no-tension and frictional interface is implemented and applied to various masonry structures. In the first step, a linear problem of programming, obtained by applying the upper bound theorem of limit analysis to systems of blocks interacting through no-tension and dilatant interfaces, is solved. The solution of this linear program is then employed as initial guess for a non linear and non convex problem of programming, obtained applying both the 'mechanism' and the 'equilibrium' approaches to the same block system with no-tension and frictional interfaces. The optimiser used is based on the sequential quadratic programming. The gradients of the constraints required are provided directly in symbolic form. In this way the program easily converges to the optimal solution even for systems with many degrees of freedom. Various numerical analyses showed that the procedure allows a reliable investigation of the ultimate behaviour of jointed structures, such as stone masonry structures, under statical load conditions.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권28호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2007

It is very difficult to attain stable and satisfactory result satisfaction from newly developed materials and methodologies for conservation of cultural properties. In order for an effective conservation method, it is necessary that the manual for application of the proper materials and its methodology should be set up. However, stone conservation value must be established in advance of the manual, because the philosophical concepts and the technical methodology are not standardized. In this study, therefore, the conservators' opinion about the conservation for stone artifacts was collected. The opinions were based on the questionnaire about cleaning of surface contamination on masonry, and hereafter those will be referred to the conservation method about stone artifacts.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2006년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회 논문집
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• pp.117-121
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• 2006

This study intends to suggest the effective methods for water leakage prevention around the windows in stone works to up-grade the outdoor public space that has been taken much portion of apartment housing trends. The subjects of the study was selected among the domestic subcontractors of stone works. There are four methods for water leakage prevention around the windows; Firstly, the painting water-proof method after the masonry. Secondly, the urethane water-proof method after galvanizing panels on the gap. Thirdly, the separation method between stone and substructure and the last one is water-proof method that they put some water-proof screen between stone and substructure with the EPDM sheets. According to the analysis of the water-proof effects, constructability and planning, we could approach to conclusion that the most influent items to the water-leakage are the filling material's deformation, the state of oxygenation and deterioration of work skill. Among the water-proof methods in construction the EPDM sheet is most excellent water-proof method to meet the technical conditions. However, we have to apply it to stone works as a water-proof method for the decrease of the leakage defects after standardizing the materials, test and construction skill because there are many work skills according the subcontractors.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2021

The Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes caused damages to many cultural properties; particularly, stone pagoda structures were significantly damaged among masonry cultural properties. To preserve these structures, it is necessary to understand their dynamic behavior characteristics under earthquakes. Analyses on such areas as deformation, frequency, maximum acceleration, permanent displacement, sliding, and rocking have to be performed. Although many analytical studies have already been conducted, dynamic behavior studies based on experiments are insufficient. Therefore, this study analyzed dynamic behavior characteristics by performing a shaking table experiment on a three-story stone pagoda structure at the Cheollongsa temple site damaged by the Gyeongju earthquake. As a result of the experiment, the displacements of stylobates did not occur significantly, but the tower body parts rotated. In particular, the rotation of the 1F main body stone was relatively larger than that of the other chief body stones because the 1F main body stone is relatively more slender than the other parts. In addition, the decorative top was identified as the component most vulnerable to sliding. This study found that the 1F main body stone is vulnerable to rocking, and the parts located on the upper part are more vulnerable to sliding.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2015

본 연구는 국내 건축공사에서 사용되는 중국산 화강석의 명칭 혼란 문제를 분석하고, 이를 토대로 개선 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 석재공사 전문가의 인터뷰 및 문헌조사, 실제 시공된 현장의 공사계약서류 23건을 분석하여 명칭혼란의 유형을 정리하였다. 실태유형분석 결과 4가지 유형의 문제점으로 분류되었다. 추가적으로 34인의 현장 석공사 담당자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 명칭혼란 문제에 대한 개선방안을 조사하였다. 연구 결과 향후 문제점의 개선을 위해서는 정확하고 상세한 명칭의 계약서류 작성 및 표기가 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, 보다 근본적인 해결을 위해 지속적인 연구를 통한 수입산 석재의 명칭 표준화가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.331-343
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• 2022

Masonry structures are the most common structural systems that have been used almost all over the world from the earliest ages of history to the present day. These structural systems are often unfavorably affected by natural disasters such as earthquakes. The main reason for this is that they are built without sufficient engineering knowledge. On January 24, 2020, a severe earthquake occurred near the Sivrice District of Elazığ in eastern Turkey. According to the Turkish Directorate of Disaster and Emergency Management (AFAD), the magnitude of the earthquake was 6.8 and the focal depth 8 km. This earthquake caused damage and destruction to the masonry structures used extensively in the region. The Hacı Yusuf Taş (new) mosque in the Malatya city center, located about 64 km from the epicenter of the earthquake, was among the buildings affected by the earthquake. The mosque has smooth-cut stone walls and domes made of brick units. The main dome of the structure was severely damaged during the earthquake. In this study, information about the earthquake is first provided, and the damage to the mosque is then interpreted via photographs. In addition, two separate finite element models were produced, where the current state of mosque and solution suggestions are presented, and response spectrum analyses were carried out. According to these analyses and field observations, a buttress system to the main walls of the structure should be constructed in the direction which has little lateral rigidity.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2018

The arched stone bridge has been continuously deteriorated and damaged by the weathering and corrosion over time, and also natural disaster such as earthquake has added the damage. However, masonry stone bridge has the behavior characteristics as discontinuum structure and is very vulnerable to lateral load such as earthquake. So, it is necessary to analyze the dynamic behavior characteristics according to various design variables of arched stone bridge under seismic loads. To this end, the arched stone bridge can be classified according to arch types, and then the discrete element method is applied for the structural modelling and analysis. In addition, seismic loads according to return periods are generated and the dynamic analysis considering the discontinuity characteristics is carried out. Finally, the dynamic behavior characteristics are evaluated through the structural safety estimation for slip condition.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.25-44
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• 1995

Bricks are the earliest man-made building materials. Small-size bar bricks were found in use in the Warring States Period(戰國時代) in China. During the Qin(秦) and the Han(漢) Dynasties, brick constructions were built on a larger scale, but most of them were tombs. In case of Korea, bricks were found in use in the Three Kingdoms Period, but also most of them were tombs. Starting from the Unified Silla Period(統一新羅時代), brick gradually became a universal practice to built Buddhist Pagodas with bar bricks. Brick pagodas emergence marked a stage where technological progress made it possible for man to built high-rise brick work, and their dvelopment further perfected masonry technique and enabled building technology to attain new heights. Though from the very start brick pagodas existed side by side with stone pagodas, at the enitial stage they were overshadowed by their wooden counterparts and stone counterparts, because masonry thechiques were then still rather primitive, while woodwork and stonework had already reached a fairly advaced stage. The pagodas in ancient Korea were closely related to the Chinese stupa, which consisted of three parts, namely, the base, the body and the spire. The fact was, soon after the stupas were introduced into Korea, the Korean stupas began to develop features of their own. Korean brick pagodas were made up of a single-storeyed square base, multi-storeyed square body with a small gate, and a steel post with several layers of lotus flower superimposed one on the other.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.319-332
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• 2002

국내 조적식 철도터널의 라이닝은 적벽돌이나 화강암의 석재블럭 또는 석축으로 구성되어 있다. 조적식라이닝은 지진하중에 대한 고려가 없이 시공이 되어 있어 지진시 거동에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 철도터널내 조적식 라이닝에 대한 물성평가 및 내진 해석기법을 개발하여 내진성능을 평가할 수 있도록 하였다. 적벽돌 조적식 라이닝은 배열이 지반조건에 따라 3~5층으로 구성 되어 있으며 벽돌과 벽돌은 모르터로 부착이 되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 조적식 라이닝의 거동분석 및 내진성능 평가를 위해 적벽돌, 횡줄눈, 종줄눈과 배면줄 눈을 각각 고려한 모형을 개발하였다. 내진해석은 구조물의 고유주기 뿐만 아니라, 지반과의 상호 작용을 고려한 전체계의 주기 등을 고려하는 응답스펙트럼해석을 실시하였다. 또한 라이닝과 지반조건변화에 따른 거동을 분석하고, 보강공법에 따른 거동을 분석하여 합리적인 보강공법을 유도하였다.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2004년도 정기총회 및 제6최 특별 심포지움
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• pp.138-156
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• 2004

석탑의 안전진단을 위하여 석탑상부의 무게를 지탱하며 하중을 지반으로 전달하는 기단부 내부의 형태파악은 필수적이며 이를 위하여 레이다 탐사(GPR)를 적용하였다. 기단부의 면석의 모양파악을 위하여 일반적인 GPR 탐사에 적용하는 monostatic 배열을 이용하여 획득한 수치 시뮬레이션 자료, 축소모형실험자료, 석탑자료에 구조보정을 적용하여 정확한 면석의 두께와 형태의 파악이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 구조보정을 위한 속도측정은 외부에서 확인 가능한 경계면을 이용하거나, 탑신이나 갑석 등의 균질한 석재로 이루어져서 송/수신이 분리된 안테나를 이용하여 투과파의 속도를 측정하는 방식을 이용하였다. 기단부 내부의 형태파악을 위하여 탄성파 탐사에서 많이 적용되는 주시토모그래피 기법을 이용하여 영상화하였다. 3${\~}$5m내외의 석탑에서 투과파 획득을 위하여 500${\~}$900MHz의 주파수 대역이 필요함을 수치 시뮬레이션을 통하여 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 주파수 대역의 안테나를 이용하여 실제 석탑(3m내외)에서 투과파의 획득이 가능하였다. 여러 축소모형을 수행하여 주시토모그래피 기법을 적용한 결과 인공적으로 제작한 내부의 공기층의 위치와 속도를 확인할 수 있었고, 내부 매질의 변화에 따른 전파속도를 측정할 수 있었다. 이러한 내부 물성치와 형태는 석탑안전진단을 위한 기본 자료로 활용이 가능할 것이다.