• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 1999

The albino plants of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L. cv. BY-4) were isolated from seed populations that were induced by heavy-ion ($^{14}N$) beam irradiation to proembryo and the in vitro growth and differentiation have been characterized. The in vitro cultured albino plants showed significant reduction of chlorophyll content and possessed larger number of stomata on both upper and lower epidermis than that of wild-type plants. Stem growth of the mutants remained dwarfed, however, the internode recovered its normal length after GA$_3$ treatment (10.0mg/L) on the MS medium containing sucrose under continuous light. When explants of leaf blades of albino plants were cultured, multiple shoots formed directly on MS medium containing 1.0mg/L of BAP or kinetin and a large number of calli were induced on the MS medium containing 1.0mg/L NAA or 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. The albino calli regenerated multiple albino plantlets in the MS medium containing 0.1mg/L NAA + 1.0 mg/L BAP. No significant differences between the wild-type and albino plants were detected in the multiple shoot induction, callus formation from the explants and the plantlets regeneration from calli. In addition, albino plants have a similar organogenesis Pattern to that of the wild-type in the media with different combinations of NAA (0 to 5.0mg/L) and BAP (0 to 5.0mg/L) treatment. These results indicate that the albino mutant has the same normal regeneration ability as that of wild-type, although the mutant has lost functions in photosynthesis, such as pigmentation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 1984

One hundred winter wheat cultivars obtained from the world collections in Korea were planted in 1982. Stomatal frequency of flag leaf of these cultivars were measured, and among these 21 cultivars which showed different stomatal frequency were selected to investigate the relationship of their stomatal frequencies and other characters such as culm length, heading date and characters related to leaf. Stomatal frequency of flag leaf of 100 cultivars different significantly, ranging from 51 to 90 stomata mm$^{-2}$ for the adaxial and 35 to 65 for the abaxial surfaces of leaf. Stomatal frequency was always greater on the adaxial than on the abaxial surface. Mean ratios (adaxial/abaxial) were 1.5 for the flag leaf and 1.3 for the from second to fouth leaves. Among 21 cultivars examined, stomatal size which measured guard cell length varied from 38.5 to 46.6$\mu$ for adaxial surface and from 39.4 to 49.4$\mu$ for abaxial. A negative correlation was obtained between stomatal frequency and its size. Stomatal frequency decreased from flag (L$_1$) to lower leaves, progresively. Stomatal frequency on L$_1$ sheath was compared to those on L$_3$ and L$_4$ abaxial surface of leaf. More stomatal frequency on top and center of adaxial surface showed than that on basal part of a leaf but the abaxial surface resulted in reverse of adaxial one. Cultivars with high stomatal frequency on flag leaf showed higher stomatal frequency on the other leaves and sheaths. Positive correlation between stomatal frequency and other characters such as, culm length, heading date and chlorophyll content showed statistical significance, whearas it revealed the negative correlation of stomatal frequency with leaf weight, leaf area and stomatal aperture. However, no relation appeared between stomatal frequency and leaf vein.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 1987

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of light intensity, temperature and seasonal trends on the photosynthesis as well as the physiological characteristics of Panax species and cultivars. Four-year-old plant of Violet-stem variant, Yellow-berry variant, Mimaki and Russian ginseng of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and American ginseng of Panax quiquefolium L. were used for study. These Panax species and cultivars were cultivated under the straw shading. The light saturation point of leaves in Violet-stem variant, Yellow-berry variant, Mimaki and American ginseng were 15,000 lux, but that of Russian ginseng was 10,000 lux. The optimum air temperature on the phtosynthesis of Violet-stem variant, Yellow-berry variant, Mimaki and American ginseng were 20$^{\circ}C$ but that of Russian ginseng was 15$^{\circ}C$ under 15,000 lux. The photosynthetic rates were increased in order of Russian ginseng, Mimaki, Yellow-berry variant, Violet-stem variant and American ginseng. The respiration rates of ginseng leaves were increased according to the increasing of temperature, but it was not different among Panax species and cultivars. Stomata frequency of American ginseng was highest, that of Russian ginseng lowest, while the length of stomata was reverse. The total chlorophyll content of American ginseng and specific leaf weight of Mimaki were higher than other ginseng cultivars. The root weight of American ginseng was heavier than others, but that of Russian ginseng was lighter. The num ber of leaflets per plant of 2-year-old plant and the root weight of 6-year-old plant were increased in order of Russian ginseng, American ginseng, Mimaki, Yellow-berry variant and Violet-stem variant.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 1999

Foliar and physiological characteristics of Schisandraceae plants distributed in Korea were investigated to elucidate differences in growth and the variations of inter and intra species of the plants. For this study, three species of Schisandraceae plants were used; i) Schisandra chinensis, decidious broad-leaved tree, ii) S. nigra, decidious broad-leaved tree, including monoecious, male and female types, ii) Kadsura japonica, evergreen broad-leaved tree. There were no significant differences in leaf length and width among three species, but leaves of Schisandra sp. plants were shorter and wider relative to those of K. japonica. The length of petiole of Schisandra sp. plants was greater than that of K. japonica and the difference was evident between female type of S. chinensis and K. japonica as longer as two times. Schisandra sp. trees showed larger size of stomata, but fewer numbers of stomata, compared with K. japonica. Although substantial changes in leaf morphology were not found in the Schisandraceae plants grown in different environmental conditions, the foliar length of K. japonica was seemed to be increased with increasing an altitude. Chlorophyll contents were also variable in inter and intra species and in, general K. japonica showed higher levels of chlorophyll contents relative to Schisandra sp. plants. K. japonica also showed higher light compensation point(LCP), light saturation point(LSP) and $CO_2$ assimilation rates at LSP, compared with Schisandra sp. trees. However, Schisandra sp. trees showed lower respiration per photosynthesis rates at LSP. The finding suggested that Schisandra sp. trees were acclimated to the growth conditions of lower light intensity with more effective photosynthetic activity. This was also confirmed by the fact that Schisandra sp. plants grown in shading places of a forest demonstrated the elevated rates of net $CO_2$ assimilation under the conditions of low light intensity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.6 s.86
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• pp.831-835
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• 2007

This study was carried out to obtain information about the valuable combination and concentration to produce good plants of cut gerbera flowers of 19 domestically - bred gerbera cultivars. BA and kinetin combination is more effective than NAA and BA combination to produce good plants and mass propagation of domestically - bredgerbera cultivars. Normally almost of 19 cultivars, mass propagation was more effective on the medium containing 1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5, 1.0 mg/L kinetin. But some cultivars, 'Sunnyeo', 'Oksaem','Piny', and 'Pink Light', vitrified plants were induced on MS medium high level of BA concentration(BA 1.0 mg/L), in comparison with those on the medium with low level of BA(0.1 mg/L).Fresh and dry weight, more effective on the medium containing BA 0.5 mg/L . Kinetin 0.1, 0.5 mg/L. Anatomical investigation of vitrified leaf, stomata of vitrified leaves were circular and inflated, where-as those of normal leaves.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.413-422
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• 2018

Soybean transgenic plants with ectopically expressed AtABF3 were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and investigated the effects of AtABF3 expression on drought and salt tolerance. Stable Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation was carried based on the half-seed method (Paz et al. 2006). The integration of the transgene was confirmed from the genomic DNA of transformed soybean plants using PCR and the copy number of transgene was determined by Southern blotting using leaf samples from $T_2$ seedlings. In addition to genomic integration, the expression of the transgenes was analyzed by RT-PCR and most of the transgenic lines expressed the transgenes introduced. The chosen two transgenic lines (line #2 and #9) for further experiment showed the substantial drought stress tolerance by surviving even at the end of the 20-day of drought treatment. And the positive relationship between the levels of AtABF3 gene expression and drought-tolerance was confirmed by qRT-PCR and drought tolerance test. The stronger drought tolerance of transgenic lines seemed to be resulted from physiological changes. Transgenic lines #2 and #9 showed ion leakage at a significantly lower level (P < 0.01) than ${\underline{n}}on-{\underline{t}}ransgenic$ (NT) control. In addition, the chlorophyll contents of the leaves of transgenic lines were significantly higher (P < 0.01). The results indicated that their enhanced drought tolerance was due to the prevention of cell membrane damage and maintenance of chlorophyll content. Water loss by transpiration also slowly proceeded in transgenic plants. In microscopic observation, higher stomata closure was confirmed in transgenic lines. Especially, line #9 had 56% of completely closed stomata whereas only 16% were completely open. In subsequent salt tolerance test, the apparently enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic lines was measured in ion leakage rate and chlorophyll contents. Finally, the agronomic characteristics of ectopically expressed AtABF3 transgenic plants ($T_2$) compared to NT plants under regular watering (every 4 days) or low rate of watering condition (every 10 days) was investigated. When watered regularly, the plant height of drought-tolerant line (#9) was shorter than NT plants. However, under the drought condition, total seed weight of line #9 was significantly higher than in NT plants (P < 0.01). Moreover, the pods of NT plants showed severe withering, and most of the pods failed to set normal seeds. All the evidences in the study clearly suggested that overexpression of the AtABF3 gene conferred drought and salt tolerance in major crop soybean, especially under the growth condition of low watering.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1977

These studies were carried out to know the variation of morphological tree forms, needles, cotyledons, seed characters and top height growth of seedlings of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. by populations in Mt. Jiri. The results are summarized as follows: 1. It was observed that the characteristics of length, needles of serration density of needles, percentage of full seeds length, of seeds, thickness, of seeds length of cotyledons, width of cotyledon, numbers of the stomata line in cotyledons and the top height growth of seedlings were significantly different in individual trees and populations. 2. The characteristics of branch angle specific gravity of wood and resin canal numbers of cotyledons were significantly different in populations. 3. It was that the characteristics of numbers of stomata line, width, of seeds weight, of seeds serration density of cotyledons, numbers of cotyledons were significantly different in individuals. 4. The resin canals of needles showed three principle resin canals in individual trees and population, and the coefficients of variation were not shown in individual trees and populations. Stem forms showed to be a straight form with all populations. 5. The characteristics of cotyledons had generally higher tendency than the characteristics of needles in comparison with coefficience of variation.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to find out an adequate shading level (0, 55, 74, and 95%) on the shoot growth of rooted cuttings of native Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata. New shoot height (NSH), length and width of leaf, and stem diameter under 55% shading were the greatest. Net photosynthetic rate under 55% shading was the greatest, while intercellular $CO_2$ concentration was the least in this treatment. The greatest content of photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll, carotenoid) was observed in leaves grown under a 74%, followed by a 55% shading level. Leaf stomata were observed on the abaxial surface, but those on adaxial surface in all shading treatments were not observed. In 95% shading, decreased stomatal density and development were observed. Higher stomatal density and development, however, were observed in 55% shading. Therefore, it is concluded that a 55% shading level was the optimum for growth of new shoots of rooted cuttings of native H. serrata for. acuminata.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to provide the basic information necessary to identify Korean fir (Abies holophylla), momi fir (A. firma), and Nikko fir (A. homolepis), and other fir trees planted in South Korea that are protected by law. Analysis of the morphological characteristics of the needles from each sample was investigated. The shape of the needle-leaf tip from A. holophylla was acute, whereas that from A. firma and A. homolepis was emarginate and that from the protected fir trees was obtuse. The number of stomata on the needles was not significantly different between A. holophylla and A. firma, and the number of stomata on the needles from A. homolepis and the protected fir trees were highly similar. In addition, the genetic differences among the Abies species were analyzed using the sequences of five chloroplast DNA regions-matK, atpF-atpH, rpoC2-rps2, rpoC1, and psbA-trnH.The atpF-atpH and psbA-trnH regions were useful for discriminating A. firma from the other species, but there were no differences among A. holophylla, A. homolepis, and the protected fir trees. The same chloroplast sequences were found in both A. holophylla and A. homolepis, which suggests that additional genetic studies might be necessary to identify the Abies species planted in both South Korea and Japan.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1101-1107
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• 2022

The leaf temperature is principally regulated by the opening and closing of stomata that is sensitive to various kinds of plant physiological stress. Thus, the analysis of thermal imagery, one of remote sensing technique, will be useful to detect crop physiological condition on smart farm system and phenomics platform. However, there are few case studies using a thermal imaging camera on the agricultural application. In this study, three cases are presented: the effect of lime fertilizer on the rice, the different physiological properties of soybean under shading condition, and the screening of soybean breeds for salinity tolerance characteristic. The leaf temperature measured by thermal imaging camera on the three cases was used effectively to the physiological change and characteristics. However, the thermal imagery analysis requires considering the accuracy of measured temperature and the weather conditions that affects to the leaf temperature.