• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.770-774
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• 2005

This study investigated the stimulative or sedative effects of inhaling fragrant essential oils (EOs) by using a forced swimming test (FST) with mice. This behavioral test is commonly used to measure the effects of antidepressant drugs. The inhalation by mice of EOs, such as ginger oil (p<0.05), thyme oil (p<0.05), peppermint oil (p<0.05), and cypress oil (p<0.01) resulted in 5% to 22% reduction of immobility. The same results were achieved when over-agitation was artificially induced in the mice by an intraperitoneal injection of caffeine (a psycho-stimulant). In contrast, inhalation of some EOs by the mice resulted in increased immobility. To evaluate more correctly the sedative effects of EOs, the immobility of over-agitated mice induced with caffeine was ascertained after the inhalation of various EOs. Inhalation of lavender oil (p<0.01) and hyssop oil (p<0.01) increased the immobile state in mice that were treated with caffeine. The results of this study indicate that the inhalation of essential oils may induce stimulative or sedative effects in mice.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제15권1_2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1979

It is well known that picrotoxin, an amaroid substance of Anamirta cocculus, is a classic stimulant on the central nervous system accompanying convulsive activity, and it liberates catecholameine from the adrenal mdulla through its central action to increase blood sugar level. Schou reported that lithium and alcohol have the similar inhibitory property on the $Na^+,\;K^+$-ATPase activity, and recently, the therapeutic efficacies of lithium on the alcohol withdrawal syndrome and the chronic alcoholics have been studied. Many studies about the hypoglycemic effect of lithium and alcohol were reported but the interaction between those hypoglycemic action is little known. Therefore, in this paper, the hypoglycemic effect of lithium and ethanol on the hyperglycemia induced with picrotoxin, and the interaction of them in those hypoglycemic action were investigated with reference to the anticonvulsive action of them. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The convulsive dose (: $CD__{50}$) of picrotoxin in mice was slightly increased by the pretreatment of lithium or ethanol. 2. The blood sugar level was markedly increased by picrotoxin but the level was sugar level was significantly decreased by lithium, ethanol or both. 3. The hyperglycemic effect of picrotoxin was significantly potentiated by the lithium pretreatment, but the potentiation effect of lithium was markedly suppressed by the additional injection of ethanol after lithium injection and more markedly suppressed by the premedication of ethanol before lithium injection 4. The hyperglycemic effect of picrotoxin was markedly inhibited by the ethanol pretreatment, and the inhibitory effect of ethanol was significantly strenthened by the additional injection of lithium after ethanol injection, but on the contrary, the inhibitory effect was completely disappeared by the premedication of lithium before ethanol injection.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2008

Methamphetamine, a commonly used addictive drug, is a powerful addictive stimulant that dramatically affects the CNS. Repeated METH administration leads to a rewarding effect in a state of addiction that includes sensitization, dependence, and other phenomena. It is well known that susceptibility to the development of addiction is influenced by sources of reinforcement, variable neuroadaptive mechanisms, and neurochemical changes that together lead to altered homeostasis of the brain reward system. These behavioral abnormalities reflect neuroadaptive changes in signal transduction function and cellular gene expression produced by repeated drug exposure. To provide a better understanding of addiction and the mechanism of the rewarding effect, it is important to identify related genes. In the present study, we performed gene expression profiling using microarray analysis in a reward effect animal model. We also investigated gene expression in four important regions of the brain, the nucleus accumbens, striatum, hippocampus, and cingulated cortex, and analyzed the data by two clustering methods. Genes related to signaling pathways including G-protein-coupled receptor-related pathways predominated among the identified genes. The genes identified in our study may contribute to the development of a gene modeling network for methamphetamine addiction.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.460-466
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• 2006

We wondered whether the mechanisms of antiplatelet aggregation of DJS-WE were through multiple pathways. Danggijakyak-san(DJS) consisting of 6 herbes of Paeoniae Radix, Poria Cocos, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma, is a crude mixture of a commonly used Korean herbal medicine. The water extract (DJS-WE) of DJS has been known to have an anti-platelet aggregation activity. We have reported that DJS-WE inhibited ADP-induced aggregation as well as arachidonic acid-induced aggregation of human platelet. Clinical studies on the cardiovascular effects of DJS-WE have been done in Korea. The DJS has been used as a remedy for gastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain, dysentery), headache, amenorrhea, and postpartum hemorrhage. It has also been claimed to have a remarkable central stimulant effect, a transient hypertensive effect, and positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. In this paper, we evaluated the possible mechanisms of the antiplatelet activity of DJS-WE using human platelets. On the other hand, the role of DJS-ethanol extract on the inhibition of platelet aggregation and hemolytic effect have not yet been investigated in detail. We also used the method of activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) for the first time to study the inhibition on platelet aggregation activity of DJS-ethanol extract. The effect of DJS-WE on hemolysis was also investigated. DJS-WE showed a high hemolysis ability on human blood.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2005

Cancer vaccine is an active immunotherapy to stimulate the immune system to mount a response against the tumor specific antigen. Working as a stimulant to the body's own immune system, cancer vaccines help the body recognize and destroy targeted cancers and may help to shrink advanced tumors. Research is currently underway to develop therapeutic cancer vaccines. It is also possible to develop prophylactic vaccines in the future. The whole cell approach to eradicate cancer has used whole cancer cells to make vaccine. In an early stage of this approach, whole cell lysate or a mixture of immunoadjuvant and inactivated cancer cells has been used. Improved vaccines are being developed that utilize cytokines or costimulatory molecules to mount an attack against cancer cells. In case of melanoma, these vaccines are expected to have a therapeutic effect of vaccine. Furthermore, it is attempting to treat stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. Other vaccines are being developing that are peptide vaccine, recombinant vaccine and dendritic cell vaccine. Out of them, reintroduction of antigen-specific dendritic cells into patient and DNA vaccine are mostly being conducted. Currently, research and development efforts are underway to develop therapeutic cancer vaccine such as DNA vaccine for the treatment of multiple forms of cancers.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2003

Clenbuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2-adrenergic$ receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The percutaneous permeation of clenbuterol was investigated in hairless mouse skin after application of 50/50 buffer(pH 10)/propylene glycol solvent mixture. The enhancing effects of various penetration enhancers such as terpenes, non-ionic surfactants, pyrrolidones, fatty acids and some other enhancers on the permeation of clenbuterol were evaluated using Franz diffusion cell. Among terpenes studied, 1,8-cineole was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 39.33-fold compared with the control without penetration enhancer, followed by menthone with enhancement ratio of 23.57. Nonionic surfactants did not have significant enhancing effects. N-Lauryl-2-pyrrolidone increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 4.51-fold compared with the control. Lauric acid increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 35.57-fold with decreasing the lag time from 2.64 to 0.52 hr. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and capric acid showed enhancement ratio of 22.62, 19.60, 17.45 and 16.51, respectively. $Labrafil^{\circledR}$ enhanced the permeability of clenbuterol 9.24-fold compared with that without enhancer.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.37-56
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• 2016

Gestalt psychology is a theory of psychology to organize separate stimuli perceived by people's vision to incorporate them into significant types, and this also is applied in terms of the brand awareness of consumers. This study considered which influence the Gestalt psychology theories have upon the fashion consumers' information processing in fashion advertisement. The results are as follows. The principles of the totality and the perceptual organization in the Gestalt psychology are allowing fashion consumers to perceive information through advertisement and to be capable of understanding it a little more easily and clearly in the process. As for the principle of totality, an integrated Gestalt was formed by combining the stimulant elements of fashion ads and the brand schema of consumers. The principles of figure and background that were part of the perceptual organization theory enabled the consumers to pay attention to, choose and focus on some of the objects of perception in an easier and faster way. The principle of perceptual grouping was used to draw attention from the consumers by simplifying the objects of perception and then by combining them or making them look complete. Therefore the more advanced application of the principles and laws of Gestalt psychology is expected to make fashion consumers' way of looking at ads more well balanced and positive in a more efficient and convincing manner.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.148-151
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• 2003

Seeds of broomrape (Orobanche cernua) were exposed to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl solutions during their preconditioning period (14 days of moisture) under laboratory conditions and induced to germinate by synthetic germination stimulant (GR24). There was significant reduction in seed germination with increased salt concentration as shown in 35.2, 32.5, 23.6, 14.3, and 9.2% germination, respectively. Exposure of Orobanche cernua seeds to 0.0, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 M levels of NaCl for 9 hours resulted in 29.4, 21.3, 20.5, and 17.4% germination, respectively. Water preconditioned seeds showed Heavier protein profile bands of 6.5-14.2 KDa than those of dry seeds. Seeds treated with 0.75 M NaCl showed profile similar with that of water preconditioned ones, plus an extra band at 29-36 KDa. The protein profiles of 1.0 and 1.5 M NaCl treated seeds showed weaker bands with the absence of 29-36 KDa band.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.81-93
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• 2002

There were no specific effects for test materials on Sprague-Dawiey (S.D.) rats in clinical symptoms, amounts of food intakes, weight changes, laboratory findings, and pathology after whole body 1, 1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane (used as coolant, metal cleaner and solvents) exposure (0, 1,500, 3,000, and 6,000 ppm) for 13 weeks (6 hour/day, 5 days/week). However, the loss of capillary vessels in eyeball (pupil) was observed in a female rat among 6,000 ppm group. Though there was a tendency for MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) in rat to be decreased (p<0.05), it was not regarded as abnormal because the values were within normal limits. In asthma-stimulation related evaluations. there was also a tendency for inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavages to be increased. But it had no statistical significance, and also no dependency on sex and the exposed concentration . Based on this result, the non observed effect level (NOEL) induced by 1, 1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane inhalation was evaluated in groups with 3,000 ppm below (S.D. Rats, 13 weeks). Finally, it was concluded that the short term exposal of 1, 1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is not considered as a asthma stimulant by inhalation despite of some study limitations such as test animals use and short-term exposure.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.66-70
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• 1989

홍미삼엑기스의 일부 성분이 내삼투압성 효모인 C. parapsilosis의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 홍미삼엑기스로부터 유기용매로 이행되는 일부 성분군을 분리 추출하여 그 조성을 조사하고 각 성분군이 C. parapsilosis의 증식에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 균증식은 헥산 가용성 물질(Fr.A)에 의하여 현저한 억제작용을 받았고 Fr.A와 조사포닌이 동시에 혼재하면 다소 회복되기는 하였으나 PGS(대조구) 배지에서 보다는 낮았다. 에텔 가용성 물질(Fr.B) 및 에틸아세테이트 가용성 물질(Fr.C)은 현저한 균증식 촉진효과가 있었고 Fr.B 혹은 Fr.c와 조사포닌이 동시에 혼재하면 세포 증식속도가 더욱 촉진되어 Fr.B와 조사포닌 그리고 Fr.C와 조사포닌은 상승적 촉진작용을 하였으며 셀룰로오스 투석막 외액(Fr.E)도 생육을 촉진하였으며 조사포닌과 함께 상승적 촉진작용을 하였다. 조사포닌은 단독으로 존재할 때 균생육에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으나 다른 성분과 함께 상승적 촉진작용을 하는 특성이 있어 단일 ginenoside 수준에서의 균생육에 미치는 영향이 검토되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.