• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-275
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• 1985

This investigation was conducted to observe changes of lipid components (phospholipids, free sterols, free fatty acids, triglycerides and estrified sterols) and fatty composition in diethyl ether extract and 86% MeOH extract from cotyledon and seedling axis of mung bean which were germinated in the dark at 25-$27^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The total lipid contents in cotyledonn and seedling axis gradually decreased during germination. The triglyceride content in total lipid from cotyledon decreased and free fatty acid content increased, but triglyceride content from seedling axis decreased slightly and free fatty acid content decreased. Free sterol, esterified sterol and phospholipid content in cotyledon increased continuously, but their content in seedling axis dcreased slightly. The major fatty acids in mung bean were palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 1997

Platycodon root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. The three-year-old and the 24-year-old Platycodon roots cultivated in a local farm were analysed and compared with their pharmaceutical substances to identify the major components. Reverse column HPLC analysis of ethanol extracts from the 24-year-old roots showed some distintive peaks after the retention time of 50 min which were absent in the extracts from the three-year-old roots. This indicates that several pharmaceutical substances are present in the older roots. There were no differences in sterol composition and saponin content between the 24-year and three-year-old roots. The 15-year-old and the 23-year-old Platycodon roots, the 6-year-old Ginseng root, and the three-year-old Condonopsis root all did not show significant anticomplement activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1976

The composition of fatty acids and sterols in the muscle lipid of eel, Anguilla japonicus Temminck & Schlegel was investigated quantitatively by using gas liquid chromatography(GLC) and the sterols separated from unsaponifiable matter by thin-layer chromatography were identified by GLC, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and GLC-mass spectrometry respectively. The fatty acids of the muscle lipid consisted of the large amount of C18:1 $(40.98\%)$, $C16:0(23.71\%)$, $C16:1(13.37\%)$ acids, and small amount of $C14:0(7.19\%),\;C18:0(5.55\%),\;C20:1(1.83\%),\;18:2(1.42\%)$ acids, and $C18:3(0.92\%),\;C15:0(0.73\%),\;C14:1(0.50\%)$ acids were smaller, Choleterol$(96.58\%)$ was a major component of the sterol fraction and 24-methylene cholesterol $(3.42\%)$ was also detected as a minor component.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.159-166
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• 2005

Ginsenosides, a group of Panax ginseng saponins, exert the lowering effects of plasma cholesterol levels in animals. We had reported earlier that ginsenoside Rb2 upregulate low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression via a mechanism that is dependent of the activation of sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) expression. This study was conducted to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on the expression of the hepatic LDLR expression at cellular levels using HepG2 cells, and to evaluate whether the sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP-l) was involved in the regulation of LDLR expression. Incubation of HepG2 cells in serum-free medium supplemented with cholesterol $(10{\mu}g/ml)$ for 8 hours decreased the mRNAs of LDLR mRNA by $12\%$ and SREBP-l mRNA by $35\%$. Ginsenoside Rb2 antagonized the repressive effects of cholesterol and increased both LDLR and SREBP-l mRNA expression to 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively. Furthermore, Western blot and confocal microscopic analyses with SREBP-l polyclonal antibody revealed that ginsenoside Rb2 enhanced the maturation of the SREBP-1 from the inactive precursor form in ER membrane to the active transcription factor form in nucleus. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb2 upregulates LDLR expression via a mechanism that is dependent of the activation of not only SREBP-2 expression, but also SREBP-1 expression and maturation, and also indicate that the pharmacological value of ginsenoside Rb2 may be distinguished from that of lovastatin which is reported that it upregulate LDLR through SREBP-2 only, not through SREBP-1.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 1991

Various sterols and uncommon fatty acids have been isolated from the three species of Korean marine sponges. Odd-numbered pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic methyl ester and branched 12-methyltetradecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic, 15-methylhexadecanoic and 14-methylhexadecanoic methyl ester were isolated along with common tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic methyl ester from Heteropiidae sponge Vosmaeropsis japonica Hozawa collected from Sohuksan island of the Korea sea. Futher elution with more polar solvent gave 5${\alpha}$-cholestan-3${\beta}$-ol along with minor amount of ergost-25-ene-3${\beta}$,5${\alpha}$,6${\beta}$-triol. On the other hand, marine sponge Hymeniacidon sinapium collected from Yesu Dolsan island of the Korea sea was shown to contain 5${\alpha}$-cholestan-3${\beta}$-ol, along with minor amount of cholesterol, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, stearic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid ethyl ester. Unknown marin sponge collected from the same region was shown to contain large amount of tetradecanoic tetradecyl and hexadecyl ester and cholesteryl acetic and fatty acid ester.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2022

The differentiation and development of preadipocyte into mature adipocyte are regulated by transcription factors, such as CCAAT enhancer binding protein (Cebp) gene family and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebp1). Steroid hormones give influences on the development and function of adipocyte. The present research examined expression patterns of CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (Cebpa), CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (Cebpb), CCAAT enhancer binding protein gamma (Cebpg), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebp1), androgen receptor (Ar), and estrogen receptors (Esr) among different epididymal fat parts during postnatal period by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the distal epididymal fat, expression of Cebpa, Cebpb, Cebpg, Srebp1, Ar, and Esr2 was increased until 12 months of age, while expression of Esr1 was decreased at 5 months of age and was not detectable after 8 months of age. In the proximal epididymal fat, transcript levels of Cebps and Srebp1 were increased at 8 months of age, followed by decreases of Cebpb and Cebpg transcript levels at 12 months of age. An additional increase of Srebp1 expression was observed at 12 months of age. Expression of Ar and Esr2 were increased until 8 months of age, followed by a drop of Ar expression level at 12 months of age. Expression pattern of Esr1 was similar to that in the distal epididymal fat. In the tail epididymal fat, expression of Cebpa, Cebpg, Srebp1, Ar, and Esr2 was increased with age. Esr1 was not detectable at all. The highest level of Cebpb was observed at 8 months of age. These data suggest the possibility of developmental and functional differentiation among the epididymal fat parts.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1980

Climacteric phenomon in fruits was delayed ten days on the sub-atmospheric treatment than the normal atmospheric one. Average lipid content in tomatoes sampled was composed of neutral lipid (49%), phospholipid(31%) and glycolipid (13%). Seven constituents each from neutral and phospholipid were seperated through thin-lyaer chromatography. Changes on lipid content during treatments were associated with the climacteric pattern and the advance of maturity; At the climacteric on-set, the fruit color was light pink, and the content of neutral lipid was reduced to minimum. After this stage, this content was reversely increased. The maturity was related with diglyceride and sterol ester in neutral lipid, and phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in phospholipid. The changes of two constituents each on both neutral and phospholipid were reversed each other. It was concluded that changes of lipid content in tomato fruits were closely associated with the advance of fruit maturity and climacteric pattern.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 1986

Oyster (Crassostrea gigas), arkshell (Anadare(Scapharce) broughtonii) and sea-mussel (Mytilus edulis) were investigated as to their lipid classes. Lipid extracts from shellfishes were fractionated into neutral lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL) and phospho-lipid (PL) by column chromatography with silicic acid. The fatty acid compositions of their lipid classes and lipid fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Total lipid contents of shellfishes were $3.5\%$ in the oyster, $1.4\%$ in the arkshell, $1.0\%$ in the sea-mussel. The major fatty acids of total lipids were palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the oyster and the sea-mussel, palmitic acid, oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the arkshell. The lipid composition of neutral lipid fractions in shellfishes was separated and identified as free sterol, free fatty acid, triglyceride, hydrocarbon and esterified sterol by TLC. Of these classes, triglyceride fraction was most abundant, amounting to 55.6, 77.7 and $60.4\%$ in the three samples mentioned above, respectively. The main fatty acids of glycolipid were palmitic acid, eicosaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in oyster, myristic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid in the arkshell, docosahexaenoic acid, linolenic acid and palmitic acid in the sea-mussel. The major fatty acids of phospholipid were palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the oyster and sea-mussel, palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and erucic acid in the arkshell.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 1983

Changes of lipid composition in the Improvement-Meju inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae were examined. To investigate those changes systematically, silicic acid column chromatography was used for analysis of glycolipid, neutral lipid, phospholipid, and gas chromatography to examine the change of those fatty acid content. Following results were obtained. The lipid fraction obtained from soaked soybean and cooked soybean were mainly composed of about 93~94% neutral lipid, whereas phospholipid and glycolipid was 4.0~5.0%, 2.0~2.1% level, respectively. During meju incuvation period, neutral lipid decreased gradually, but glycolipid and phospholipid increased. Among the nonpolar lipids prepared from cooked soybean and soaked soybean, triglyceride content was mainly composed of 88~89%, and the content of sterol ester, free fatty acid, diglyceride and sterol was higher in soaked soybean than in cooked soybean. During meju incuvation period, triglyceride content decreased remarkablely, whereas content of sterol ester, free fatty acid and diglyceride increased gradually. From the soaked soybean and the cooked soybean, the fatty acids content of crude lipid, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were composed of linoleic acid 54~70%, oleic acid 20.0~22.6%, palmitic acid 11.0~12.4%, linolenic acid 6.0~7.8% and stearic acid 3.4~4.3% in turn and myristic acid showed the trace, palmitic acid was a little higher in glycolipid and phospholipid than in crude lipid and neutral lipid. During meju incuvation period, the change of fatty acid content showed linoleic acid and linolenic acid reduction gradually in the neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid. On the other hand, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid increased gradually, the maximum value was at the 4-days. The change of glycolipid fatty acid and phospholipid fatty acid was examined. 9-kinds including traced 3-kinds was detected. It was supposed that traced 2-kinks was occurred for incuvation, and those are the matter investigating in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.280-283
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• 1985

Lipid fractions of the roots of cultured (five years old) and wild (eight years old) Codonopsis lanceolata were analyzed. The most abundant fraction of the lipids extracted from cultured and wild roots of C. lanceolata was neutral lipid and the next came phospholipid and glycolipid in descending order. The percentage, however, of the neutral lipid in total lipid was comparatively low, while that of phospholipid, particularly high; 41.30% and 29.34% in that of cultured and wild one respectively. The richest fraction of neutral lipid was triglyceride; 39.49% and 32.88% in the cultured and the wild respectively, and followed by sterol esters and free acid. Noticed amounts of sterol esters and monoglycerides which is able to be used as an emulsifiers, were contained in the neutral lipid of roots; 27.74% and 5.11% respectively. The unsaturated fatty acid fraction of the total lipid hydrolyzate contained in cultured and wild C. lanceolata roots was 72.87% and 74.37% respectively. The main fatty acid contained in the total lipid hydrolyzate was linoleic acid, and followed by linolenic acid palmitic acid. The main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and lauric acid.