• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.348-354
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• 2022

The leaves, stems, seeds, and roots of Dendropanax morbifera have been used since ancient times as folk medicines for the treatment of headaches, skin diseases, infectious diseases, and other ailments. This study investigated the antioxidant, alcohol metabolism, and hepatoprotective effects of D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts. The total polyphenol content of the D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts was 49.56 mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/g, and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts was 84.09% at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. The effects of D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts on alcohol metabolism were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The ADH and ALDH activities of D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts were increased in a dose-dependent manner at 37.68% and 41.67%, respectively, at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. The D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts showed significant protective effects against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells at 50 ㎍/ml. Based on our results, we concluded that D. morbifera leaf and stem water extracts may be used as major pharmacological agents, such as antioxidants, alcohol metabolism, and anti-hepatitis remedies.

• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 2001

The efficiency of in vitro regeneration of four clones of Populus euramericana, Canada blanc, Eugenii, I-45/51, and Wisconsin #5, was examined. Cytokinins and the combinations with auxins affected the rate of regeneration from the explants of root segments, stem internodes, and leaf discs. Overall, BA and the combination with auxins were effective in root segments and leaf discs of the Canada blanc clone, whereas zeatin and the combination with auxins were important in stem internodes of the Wisconsin #5 clone. The highest number of shoots averaging 17.6 $\pm$ 0.47 from root segments in the Canada blanc clone,18.2 $\pm$ 3.0 from stem internodes in the Wisconsin #5 clone, and 17.8 $\pm$ 1.92 from leaf discs in the Canada blanc clone were obtained with 2.0 mg/1 BA, 2.0 mg/l zeatin combined with 0.2 mg/l IAA, and 0.5 mg/l BA combined with 0.05 mg/l 2,4-D, respectively. In particular, the addition of 2,4-D into cytokinin medium promoted shoot proliferation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.364-369
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• 1989

Leaf characteristics of main stem and tiller of IK type maize (IK/ /IRI/B68) were compared with those of Jinjoo Ok hybrid which are not usually tillered. A total of nine leaves from flag leaf to the third or the fourth leaf below ear-bearing node were sampled from each stem or tiller. There was no significant difference in mean leaf length between IK/ /IRI/B68 and Jinjoo Ok. But the mean leaf width of IK/ /IRI/ B68 was about 2 cm narrower than that of Jinjoo Ok. The mean leaf area of the IK/ /IRI/B68 was also smaller than that of Jinjoo Ok due to the narrower leaf width. There were not significant differences in mean leaf characteristics between main stem and tillers of IK/IRI/B68. The longest leaf was the leaf below the ear-bearing node and the widest leaf was the leaf just above the ear-bearing node. Mean length. width and area of leaf on main stem and tillers were similar. Coefficients of variation calculated for individual leaf indicated that the leaves near the ear-bearing node were more uniform than others. The leaf area measured was significantly greater than that estimated by formular, length x width x 0.75. New constant to estimate leaf area of tillering maize was derived as 0.8.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.681-686
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to measure total phenolic compounds as a measure of antioxidant activity as well as ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities as a measure of anti-diabetic efficacy in methanol extracts from 23 kinds of medicinal plants. Extracts of three medicinal plant species showing high total polyphenol contents were selected (Euonymus alatus stem, Taxus cuspidata fruit, and Eucommia ulmoides leaf). Extracts of six medicinal plant species showing over 60% DPPH radical scavenging activity were also selected [Eucommia ulmoides barks (80.10%), Lycium chinense roots (64.25%), Euonymus alatus stem (73.59%), Lespedeza cuneata (78.20%), Taxus cuspidata fruits (70.52%), and Tilia taquetii leaf and stem (67.81%)]. Regarding ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activities acarbose showing approximately 80% inhibitory activity was selected as a control group, and six species (Eucommia ulmoides heartwood, Eucommia ulmoides bark, Euonymus alatus stem, Dioscorea batatas, Coix lachryma-jobi, and Phaseolus radiatus) showed greater than 80% ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Extracts of nine medicinal plant. species showing over 80% ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity (Pueraria thunbergiana root, Eucommia ulmoides bark, Eucommia ulmoides leaf, Lycium chinense fruits, Euonymus alatus leaf and stem, Euonymus alatus stem, Sasa borealis whole, Dioscorea batatas leaf and stem, and Tilia taquetii leaf and stem). Based on these results, medicinal plants showing high antioxidant and antidiabetic activities can be used as fundamental products in developing new medicines, as well as functional foods to prevent adult disease.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth characteristics and yield by different planting density on Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.Number of stem, leaf and branch on main stem were plant reduced by increasing the plant density. Stem height was showed the highest at $50{\times}15cm$ planting density, but diameter did not show significant difference at different planting density. Stem number in $m^2$ of field area showed negative correlation with leaf number and branch number on main stem. The height of first branched node became longer by increasing stem number, leaf number and branch number on stem in $m^2$ of field area. Rhizome yield showed negative correlation with stem number and leaf number per plant, but showed positive with stem number in $m^2$ of field area leaf number and branch number of main stem. Root and rhizome weight per plant decreased by increasing planting density, but root and rhizome yield in $m^2$ of field area were increased by high planting density.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.144-156
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• 2006

The effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the fruit, leaf and stem of Melia azedarach Linn. (Meliaceae) on the spontaneous movements of both the whole worm and the nerve-muscle (n.m.) preparation of Setaria (S.) cervi and on the survival of microfilariae in vitro was studied. Alcoholic extracts of fruit, leaf and stem caused inhibition of the spontaneous movements of the whole worm and the n.m. preparation of S. cervi, while only aqueous extract of fruit caused inhibition of the spontaneous movements of the whole worm and the n.m. preparation of S. cervi. The initial stimulatory effect was not observed by the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of fruit on n.m. preparation. The concentrations required to inhibit the movements of the whole worm and n.m. preparation for alcoholic extracts of fruit, leaf and stem were 250, $40\;{\mu}g/ml$; 280, $40\;{\mu}g/ml$ and 270, $25\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, whereas an aqueous extract of fruit caused inhibition of whole worm and n.m. preparation at $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $40\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. Alcoholic extracts of the fruit, leaf and stem and aqueous extract of the fruit of M. azedarach caused concentration related inhibition on the survival of microfilariae (m.f.) of S. cervi. The $LC_{50}$ and $LC_{90}$ as observed after 6 h were found to be 5, 15, 10, 20 ng/ml and 10, 25, 20 and 35 ng/ml, respectively. This work was conducted in view of the exploration of potential antifilarial herbal drug.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.108-112
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• 2000

Proximate composition , volatile compounds, free amino acids, fatty acids and inorganic compounds in leaf, stem and root of Houttyunia cordata Thunb cultivated from two different area, Bosung and Sunchon , were analyzed. Each part of Houttuynia cordata Thunb from both local area showed moisture contents of 80-84% and crude ash contents of 2.1 ∼2.8%. Crude fat and protein contents were less than 3 % showing slightly higher contents in leaf than in both stem and root . Twenty six volatile compunds were identified from the parts of the plant, the volatile contents were high in the oder of leaf, root and stem. Major volatile compounds were mostly derivatives of decanoic acid ; decanoic acid, 20 tridecanoie, decanal and dodecanoic acid. Of free amino acids in leaf asparagine was the highest, while in stem hydroxyproline, proline and arginine were the major free amino acids. Linoleic acid was the highest in the stem and root, and linolenic acid was highest in leaf. the major minerals of all parts were K, Ca. Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Cu, showing highest with K.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Acanthopanax sieboldianum (Makino) Koidz (ACS) as a potent antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. The antioxidative and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were examined using the methanol extracts and solvent fractions from ACS-leaf and ACS-stem. Antioxidative activities were measured by in vitro methods such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. When the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of ACS-leaf and ethyl acetate fractions of ACS-stem were compared with the control, the SOD-like activity was impaired even at the low treatment concentrations. In addition, the ethyl acetate fractions of ACS-leaf and ACS-stem showed alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities at low treatment concentrations. Analysis of the major components in the fractions of ACS-leaf and ACS-stem was also performed using HPLC. Finally, astragalin, isoqurecetin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents were measured. Based on this work, we propose that ACS-leaf and ACS-stem have great potential as natural antioxidant and antidiabetic materials related to health benefits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.577-582
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• 1996

In order to investigate the relationship between daily herbage allowance (DHA) and daily herbage intake (DHI) on the points of leaf and stem masses, grazing experiments were carried out on the pasture of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). The experiments consisted of four 3-days' grazing periods which were from August 14 to 17, August 17 to 20, October 12 to 15 and October 15 to 18 in 1990. The value of DHA was 32.1 to 84.3, and the value of DHI was 9.9 to 27.0. The index of leafiness (leaf to stem ratio, LSR) was 0.74 to 3.06. The relationship between DHI and DHA was quadratic. Both relationship of daily leaf intake (DLI) to daily leaf allowance (DLA) and that of daily stem intake (DSI) to daily stem allowance (DSA) were likely to be asymptotic forms, although DHI did not show any significant relationships to DLA nor to DSA. The relationship between DLI and LSR was quadratic, and a negative relationship was found between DSI and LSR. From the relationship of DLI to LSR and that of DSI to LSR, the relationship of daily intake of leaf and stem (DLSI) to LSR was derived as quadratic and the LSR value at which the maximum DLSI was attained was estimated. The DHA, DHI, DLA, DLI, DSA, DSI and DLAI were expressed as the same unit of g/kg live body weight/day.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2001

For the purpose of sweet potato varietal improvement, yulmi, shinyulmi, gunmi, hongmi and seonmi, whose source and sink are different one another, were cultivated at different amount of fertilizers, and then defoliation at initial stage of tuberous root weight increase on the relation of source and sink was observed as follows. The response of stem, leaf and tuberous root weight by amount of fertilizer and defoliation rate of sweet potato varieties was different. Stem and leaf weight increased along with heavy dressing by the following order; shinyulmi> seonmi> hongmi> gunmi> yulmi. Tuberous root number was the most at $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=60-70-190kg/ha$ amount of fertilizer, showing seonmi the most number. The number of stem, leaf and tuberous root increased along with the lowered rate of defoliation. In case of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=20-30-90kg/ha$ amount of fertilizer, tuberous root weight increased by increase of stem and leaf weight up to 50% defoliation and the difference of stem, leaf and tuberous root number was low as defoliation rate increases. The total dry weight matter was the most at heavy dressing amount of fertilizer.