• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.52-52
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• 2019

Buckwheat is well-known crop for containing a high contents of flavonoids that are effective in vascular disease. The current study was performed to estimate the influence of morphological characterization of Fagopyrum esculentum (ES) germplasm for seed's two major flavonoids contents: rutin and quercetin. We found that the red stem color, pale green leaf color, arrowhead leaf shape, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color, and egg-shaped seed were significantly associated with 77%, 56.7%, 83.7%, 98.7%, 70.8% and 74.5% germplasm, respectively. Overall, the rutin contents of ES germplasm ranged from 0.30 to 47.86 mg/100g dry weight (DW) and the quercetin contents ranged from 0 to 1.22 mg/100g DW. The rutin contents of germplasm possessing red stem color, pale green leaf color, arrowhead leaves, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color and egg-shaped seed ranged from 7.22 to 47.86 mg/100g DW. However, the quercetin contents of germplasm with red stem color and pale brown seed coat color ranged from 0 to 1.15 mg/100g DW, with pale green leaves ranged from 0 to 0.96 mg/100g, with arrowhead leaves and white flower ranged from 0 to 1.22 mg/100g and with egg-shaped seed ranged from 0.32 to 1.22 mg/100g DW. In PCA analysis, the first three principal components (PCs) showed Eigen value more than 1 and accounted for 51.70% of variation. For both higher contents of rutin and quercetin, the morphological evaluation in ES shows a tendency of red stem color, arrowhead leaves, pale green leaf color, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color and egg-shaped seed. From this information, we can assume the rutin and quercetin contents by the morphological characteristics of the germplasm. And It could be useful in improving the rutin and quercetin contents and selecting proper resources for cultivation in existing buckwheat cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.925-927
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• 2012

On-site diagnosis applied to soil having a symptom of yellowing and whitening in cucumber leaf and stem. Soil pH determined 4.2 by methods of on-site analysis and 4.5 by soil test analysis. High aluminum in soil solution extracted with water saturation was detected. Leaf and stem tissue were abundant in Al content but not in Ca. Also, N content of leaf and stem was low compared to normal N ranges. This symptom of cucumber assumed to be from the Al and nitrous acid gas toxicity by low soil pH and Eh. Conclusionally, symptom in leaf and stem of cucumber was alleviated and cucumber normally recovered during cultivation period by applying calcium hydroxide solution to correct soil pH up to 6.5. These results showed that low soil pH resulted in aluminum toxicity and N deficiency to plant growth in on-site farming.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of remained leaf number on leaf, stem and root growth of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Chungchima). Plants were grown hydroponically in $0.45\pm0.15\pm3.0m$ growth channels using a recirculating DFT (Deep Flow Technique) system. The growth response to remained leaf number was evident in leaf and stem than root of leaf lettuce. Leaf fresh weight increased and leaf quality was lowered with increasing of remained leaf number. Results indicate that 4 to 6 leaves could be optimum remained leaf number of hydroponically grown leaf lettuce.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

Flavonoid contents of common buckwheat (cv. Kitawase) and tartary buckwheat (cv. Hokkai T 8, Hokkai T 9 and Hokkai T 10) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, they were measured at different plant developments such as 10, 18, 20, 22 and 30 days after sowing (DAS) and with plant parts including leaf, stem and flower harvested at 30 DAS. Total flavonoids including chlorogenic acid, four kinds of C-glycosylflavones (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin) and rutin of tartary buckwheats (range of 44.2-54.7, mean 44.2) were found 35% higher than those of common buckwheat (28.9 mg/g dry wt.). Among them, rutin was measured above 80% of total flavonoid contents. The other flavonoids (chlorogenic acid and four kinds of C-glycosylflavones) presented the highest level at 10 DAS and decreased according to plant developments. On the other hand, rutin content of Kitawase presented the highest level (33.6 mg/g dry wt.) at 22 DAS and decreased up to 30 DAS. Rutin content in tartary buckwheat temporarily decreased from 10 to 18 DAS and then reversely increased up to 30 DAS presented the highest level as 'U' curve. In Hokkai T 10, rutin content was found the highest level (53.8 mg/g dry wt.) at 30 DAS. In different plant parts harvested at 30 DAS, rutin content of leaf (range of 42.8-68.0, mean 57.0) was 5.3-fold higher than that of stem (range of 8.0-15.9, 10.8 mg/g dry wt.), regardless of cultivar. Significantly, rutin content (78.7) in the flower of Kitawase was 1.8 times higher than in the leaf and 9.8 times in the stem. Especially, chlorogenic acid content (14.6 mg/g dry wt.) in the flower of Kitawase was 63-fold higher than in the leaf, and 20-fold in the stem.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effective components, especially saponins, in aerial parts of Panax ginseng. The contents of methanol and ethanol extracts in ginseng leaf were 35.9% and 27.3%, much higher than 15.4% and 8.37% in ginseng root and 21.7% and 16.3% in ginseng stem. And ginseng stem showed as high content of crude fiber as 39.2% which is very high compared with other two parts of ginseng. The contents of total crude saponin were 4.78%, 2.38% and 19.58% in ginseng root, stem and leaf, respectively. In ginseng leaf seven root ginseno-sides-ginsenoside-Rgl(3.32%), -Re(3.24%), -Rd(2.32 %), -Rc(0.65%), -Rb2(0.92%), -Rbl(0.29%), and -Rf(0.11%)-were analyzed by HPLC, Seven gisneno- sides-ginsenoside-Rgl(0.28%), -Re(0.3%), -Rd(0.05%), -Rf(0.01%), -Rc(trace), -Rb2(trace) and -Rbl(trace)-were detected in ginseng stem. Ginseng leaf contained high percentage of saponin and especially of ginsenoside-Rgl, -Re and -Rd. Therefore, ginseng leaf was good resources for ginsenoside-Rgl, -Re and -Rd.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.426-434
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• 2017

Physiological activities, including antioxidant activity, were examined in water and 80% ethanol extracts of leaf, stem, and root parts of Welsh onion. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were highest in both extracts of leaf and lowest in those of stem among parts of Welsh onion. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was highest in root among 80% ethanol extracts and in leaf among water extracts. 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity and reducing power were the highest in both extracts of Welsh onion leaf. Inhibitory activities against lipase in both extracts and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase in water extract were also highest in Welsh onion leaf. Alcohol dehydrogenase promoting activity was also highest in extracts of Welsh onion leaf. Both leaf and water extracts of stem only exhibited antimicrobial effects on Gram (-) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This result implies that leaf is the most optimal part of Welsh onion as functional material, although stem and root parts of Welsh onion also exhibited physiological activity, including antioxidant activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.739-745
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• 2011

The major objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from different parts (flower, leaf stem, and root) of Chrysanthemum zawadskii by employing various in-vitro assay systems. The extraction yields from the flower, leaf stem, and root were 18.347, 12.93, and 11.33-----, respectively. The total polyphenol content was highest in the flower (17.16 mg/100 g) and lowest in the root (11.33 mg/100 g). The antioxidant activities were raised within creasing amounts of extracts, and the extracts from the flower showed the highest effect on the superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating on ferrous ions and reducing power. In addition, the leaf stem also showed good antioxidant activity in various systems. These results suggest that the methanolic extracts from the flower and leaf stem possess excellent antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2003

This study was carried out with Urich II method for estimating the aboveground biomass of 30 years old Chamaecypris obtuse plantation in Jinhae, Cyeongnam province, in order to solve problems of exhaustion of many time and manpower in field survey for estimating biomass of stands. The results were summarize as follows; Total aboveground biomass production of stands was 137.3ton/ha, which was 71.8% of stem, 15.4% of branch and 12.8% of leaf. Foliage biomass of stands was maximized on the 9.2~11.2m of total height. The ratio of biomass for each part of tree in Chamaecypris obtusa plantation was in order of, stem, branch and leaf in dominant and co-dominant tree, and was stem, leaf and branch in recessive tree. drying ratio by components were ranged 47.3~49.2% of stem, 48.8~52.9% of branch, 39.2~40.8 of leaf and 0.78%~0.89% of died branch. Specific gravity by sample tree was 0.49~0.53 range and there was not significantly different among sample tree.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate effects of fat-soluble solvents on the purification against nan-saponin substances such as chlorophylls and other pigments and on the yields of saponins in separating saponins from ginseng root, leaf and stem. Ginseng root saponins were effectively purified by various fat-soluble solvents while ginseng leaf stem saponins were by chloroform. And alternative extractions of ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, chloroform and benzene there more effective for ginseng leaf stem saponins than that by any single solvent. Contents of crude saponin fractions and total ginsenosides in ginseng leaf were $18.5{\sim}19.5%\;and\;10.8{\sim}11.4%$, which were very high compared with $4.6{\sim}5.1%\;and\;2.0{\sim}2.6%$ in ginseng root or $2.2{\sim}2.5%\;and\;0.63{\sim}0.67%$ in ginseng stem. Therefore, ginseng leaf is good resources for total saponin or $ginsenosides-Rg_1,\;.Re,\;-Rc,\;-Rd,\;-Rb_2\;and\;-Rf$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation of agronomic characters, their path coefficients in 2, 3 and 4-year old ginseng plants, and to provide a useful information for ginseng breeding. Correlation coefficients between stem fen변h, number of leaves and number of Iraflets in 2-year age, and stem diameter and leaf length in 3-year age showed highly significant correlation with number of fruits and root weight in 4-year age. The path coefficient analysis indicated that stem length and number of leaflets might give indirect effects on root weight regardless of plant age. On the other hand, stem length and number of leaflets in 2-year age and, stem diameter and leaf length in 3-year age showed direct effects on root weight in 4-year old ginseng. These results may be used for selection of high-yielding ginseng plants. Key words Selection information, correlation and path coefficient analysis.