• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

In order to investigate the cause and magnitude of scale effect occurring in the model experiments of fishing nets, five pairs of Nylon pyramid nets and one pair of PE ones in which all the two nets paired were equal each other in the factors determining their flow resistance, i. e., the ratio d/l of diameter d to length l of bars, the angle f between two adjacent bars, the attack angle q of nettings to the water flow, and the wall area S of nets, and different in the values of d and l were prepared. Then, the nets were attached to the circular steel frame alternately and their flow resistances with shapes in water were measured on the sea ascribing no turbulent flows by using the tension meter made of a block bearing for the experiment. All the Nylon nets were spreads out easily in water to form a circular cone at relatively low velocity of water and showed the resistance smaller a little in the nets with larger d and l than them with smaller d and l, because the filtration of water through meshes become easier in nets especially with larger l. But PE nettings were not spread out sufficiently on account of their small flexibility and showed higher resistance especially in them with thicker twines. Therefore, the difference in bar length or mesh size and flexibility of nettings between prototype and model nets are regarded to become factors ascribing scale effect. Especially the influence of the difference in mesh size may become large significantly in actual model experiments because the mesh size of model nets is decided at much larger value than that given by scale ratio and so the difference of mesh size between the two nets become much larger than that between nets used in this experiment.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.487-502
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• 2014

In buildings structures, the flexural stiffness reduction of beams and columns due to concrete cracking plays an important role in the nonlinear load-deformation response of reinforced concrete structures under service loads. Most Seismic Design Codes do not precise effective stiffness to be used in seismic analysis for structures of reinforced concrete elements, therefore uncracked section properties are usually considered in computing structural stiffness. But, uncracked stiffness will never be fully recovered during or after seismic response. In the present study, the effect of concrete cracking on the lateral response of structure has been taken into account. Totally 120 cases of 3 Dimensional Dynamic Analysis which considers the real and accidental torsional effects are performed using ETABS to determine the effective structural system across the height, which ensures the performance and the economic dimensions that achieve the saving in concrete and steel amounts thus achieve lower cost. The result findings exhibits that the dual system was the most efficient lateral load resisting system based on deflection criterion, as they yielded the least values of lateral displacements and inter-storey drifts. The shear wall system was the most economical lateral load resisting compared to moment resisting frame and dual system but they yielded the large values of lateral displacements in top storeys. Wall systems executes tremendous stiffness at the lower levels of the building, while moment frames typically restrain considerable deformations and provide significant energy dissipation under inelastic deformations at the upper levels. Cracking found to be more impact over moment resisting frames compared to the Shear wall systems. The behavior of various lateral load resisting systems with respect to time period, mode shapes, storey drift etc. are discussed in detail.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.955-982
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• 2016

Recent studies integrating vibration control and structural health monitoring (SHM) use control devices and control algorithms to enable system identification and damage detection. In this study real-time SHM is used to enhance structural vibration control and reduce damage. A newly proposed control algorithm, including integrated real-time SHM and semi-active control strategy, is presented to mitigate both damage and seismic response of the main structure under strong seismic ground motion. The semi-active independently variable stiffness (SAIVS) device is used as semi-active control device in this investigation. The proper stiffness of SAIVS device is obtained using a new developed semi-active control algorithm based on real-time damage tracking of structure by damage detection algorithm based on identified system Markov parameters (DDA/ISMP) method. A three bay five story steel braced frame structure, which is equipped with one SAIVS device at each story, is employed to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The obtained results show that the proposed control algorithm could significantly decrease damage in most parts of the structure. Also, the dynamic response of the structure is effectively reduced by using the proposed control algorithm during four strong earthquakes. In comparison to passive on and off cases, the results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed control algorithm in decreasing both damage and dynamic responses of structure is significantly enhanced than the passive cases. Furthermore, from the energy consumption point of view the maximum and the cumulative control force in the proposed control algorithm is less than the passive-on case, considerably.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2008

The present study investigated inflammatory hypersensitivity following compression of the trigeminal ganglion in rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-260 g. Under anesthesia, rats were mounted on a stereotaxic frame and injected with $8{\mu}L$ of 4% agar solution through a stainless steel injector to compress the trigeminal ganglion. In the control group, rats underwent a sham operation without agar injection. Injection sites were examined with a light micrograph after compression of the trigeminal ganglion. Air-puff thresholds (mechanical allodynia) were evaluated 3 days before surgery and 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 30, and 40 days after surgery. Air-puff thresholds significantly decreased after compression of the trigeminal ganglion. Mechanical allodynia was established within 3 days and remained strong over 24 days, returning to preoperative levels approximately 40 days following compression. After subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin ($50{\mu}L$) in the compression of the trigeminal ganglion-treated rats, nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for 9 successive 5-min internals. Injection of formalin into the vibrissa pad significantly increased the number of scratches and duration of noxious behavioral responses in sham-treated rats. Noxious behavioral responses induced by subcutaneous formalin administration were significantly potentiated in rats with trigeminal ganglion compression. These findings suggest that compression of the trigeminal ganglion enhanced formalin-induced infla-mmatory pain in the orofacial area.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.97-103
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• 1999

Ships, structures on the ocean, bridges, and other structures tend to be large by the development of industry. These ultra thick plate were welded with large heat input, which causes welding stresses, deformation and buckling, so it has to be considered the weld design, safety, reliability. The welded residual stresses were produced and redistributed due to the effect of large heat input. The mechanical phenomenon has not been surely identified yet. In spite of the lack of the study on the box column, there are various types of steel frame such as I type, H type, + type and $\bigcirc$ type, used in high story building. In this study, we performed computer simulation with two dimensional heat conduction and plane deformation thermal elasto-plastic finite element computer program as changing the plate thickness to 100mm, 150mm and groove angle to $60^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ of corner joint in box column. And then, to identify mechanical phenomenon such as the phenomenon of thermal distribution, welding residual stresses and deformation and to decide optimum groove angle and welding condition. The main conclusion can be summarized as follows: 1) Since the groove angle has became cooling down rapidly due to its smaller value, the temperature slope was steeped somewhat. 2) The tensile stress within the welding direction stresses was somewhat decreased at the weld metal and HAZ, increasing of the groove angle. 3) The local stress concentration of the groove angle $60^{\circ}C$ was appeared smaller than groove angle $30^{\circ}$.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2018

Various pilotis are installed in the lower part of high rise buildings. Strong winds can generate sudden airflow around the pilotis, which can cause unexpected internal airflow changes and may cause damage to the exterior of the piloti ceiling. The present study investigates the characteristics of peak wind pressure coefficient for the design of piloti ceiling exteriors by conducting wind pressure tests on high rise buildings equipped with penetration-type and end-type pilotis in urban and suburban areas. The minimum peak wind pressure coefficient for penetration-type piloti ceilings ranges from -2.0 to -3.3. Minimum peak wind pressure coefficient in urban areas was 30% larger than in suburban areas. In end-type piloti ceilings, maximum peak wind-pressure coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 1.9, and minimum peak wind-pressure coefficient ranges from -1.3 to -3.6. With changes in building height, peak wind pressure coefficient decreases as the aspect ratio increases. Peak wind-pressure coefficient increases with taller pilotis. On the other hand, when piloti height decreases, the absolute value of the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient increases.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2018

Unlike other types of outdoor advertisements, rooftop signboards are installed on the roofs of buildings, rather than on their outer walls. This means that the area of a rooftop signboard is commonly larger than that of a general outdoor signboard. Moreover, as such signboards are greatly influenced by the wind, they can suffer a lot of damage from typhoons and strong winds every year. However, there is no wind load specification for rooftop signboards. In this study, wind pressure experiments were conducted to investigate the peak wind pressure on each side of rooftop signboards installed on the roofs of 5-15 story buildings in a city center. The minimum peak wind pressure coefficient was -3.0 at the bottom edges of the front and back of the rooftop signboards and -2.0 along the entire length of the sides. As the height of the rooftop signboard increased with the increasing height of the buildings, the peak value was found to be larger than the absolute peak value for the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient. The maximum and minimum peak wind pressure distributions of the rooftop outdoor signboards were influenced by the position of the signboard and the wind angle.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1999

이동하중에 의한 교량의 공진현상은 차량의 속도와 유효타격간격에 의해 결정되는 이동하중의 운행진동수와 교량의 고유진동수가 일치할 경우 발생하게 된다. 철도교의 경우에는 정해진 열차만 통행하게 되므로 이러한 유효타격간격이 정량적으로 정해져있다 본 연구에서는 고속전철하중을 받는 교량의 지간장 변화에 따른 교량의 공진현상과 공진소멸현상을 분석하고자 한다. 강합성형 철도교에 대하여 판요소와 공간뼈대요소의 조합에 의한 3차원 모델링을 적용하였으며 또한 고속전철하중은 이동집중하중 모델과 3차원 모델링 두가지 방법을 사용하였다 수치예제로서 지간장 변화에 따른 수직처짐의 동적확대계수 상판의 최대수직가속도 단부회전각 등의 동적응답 분석을 통하여 고속철도 교량의 동적안정성에 적합한 지간장 설계기준에 대하여 논의 하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.1253-1272
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• 2016

For a nonlinear control system, there are many uncertainties, such as the structural model, controlled parameters and external loads. Although the significant progress has been achieved on the robust control of nonlinear systems through some researches on this issue, there are still some limitations, for instance, the complicated solving process, weak conservatism of system, involuted structures and high order of controllers. In this study, the computational structural mechanics and optimal control theory are adopted to address above problems. The induced norm is the eigenvalue problem in structural mechanics, i.e., the elastic stable Euler critical force or eigenfrequency of structural system. The segment mixed energy is introduced with a precise integration and an extended Wittrick-Williams (W-W) induced norm calculation method. This is then incorporated in the market-based control (MBC) theory and combined with the force analogy method (FAM) to solve the MBC robust strategy (R-MBC) of nonlinear systems. Finally, a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system and a 9-stories steel frame structure are analyzed. The results are compared with those calculated by the $H{\infty}$-robust (R-$H{\infty}$) algorithm, and show the induced norm leads to the infinite control output as soon as it reaches the critical value. The R-MBC strategy has a better control effect than the R-$H{\infty}$ algorithm and has the advantage of strong strain capacity and short online computation time. Thus, it can be applied to large complex structures.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2004

재분배기법을 이용한 변위조절설계법이 고층건물의 실용적인 변위제어 기법으로 제안되고 있다. 현재까지 대부분의 재분배기법을 이용한 변위조절설계법은 일률적으로 단면적을 설계변수로 사용하고 있으나, 부재 특성에 따라 지배적인 부재력이 다르므로 부재적 특성을 고려하여 설계변수를 선택할 필요가 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 부재별로 부재력 특성을 고려한 설계변수를 사용한 변위조절설계법을 제안하고 이를 20층 강접골조-전단벽 구조물의 변위조절설계에 적용하여 기존의 단면적을 설계변수로 사용한 변위조절설계법과 비교 평가하였다. 적용 결과, 부재 특성을 고려한 변위조설설계법이 부재별로 지배적인 부재력에 해당하는 부재 단면성능을 설계변수로하여 부재별 변위기여도를 직접 조절하므로 물량 및 변위 예측의 정확도 측면에서 비슷하거나 더 우수함을 알 수 있었다.