• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.533-546
• /
• 2020

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to study the effects of steady slot suction on the aerodynamic forces of and flow around a wall-mounted finite-length square cylinder. The aspect ratio H/d of the tested cylinder is 5, where H and d are the cylinder height and width, respectively. The Reynolds number based on free-stream oncoming flow velocity U_∞ and d is 2.78×10⁴. The suction slot locates near the leading edge of the free end, with a width of 0.025d and a length of 0.9d. The suction coefficient Q (= U_s/U_∞) is varied as Q = 0, 1 and 3, where U_s is the velocity at the entrance of the suction slot. It is found that the free-end steady slot suction can effectively suppress the aerodynamic forces of the model. The maximum reduction of aerodynamic forces occurs at Q = 1, with the time-mean drag, fluctuating drag, and fluctuating lift reduced by 3.75%, 19.08%, 40.91%, respectively. For Q = 3, all aerodynamic forces are still smaller than those for Q = 0 (uncontrolled case), but obviously higher than those for Q = 1. The involved control mechanism is successfully revealed, based on the comparison of the flow around cylinder free end and the near wake for the three tested Q values.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제29권9호
• /
• pp.5-15
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 흡입응력을 고려한 불포화 사면의 안정해석기법(Lu and Godt, 2008)을 제시하고, 모래로 구성된 특정사면에 대하여 적용한 결과를 분석하였다. 흡입응력을 고려한 불포화 사면의 안정해석기법은 강우의 침투 및 비침투에 따른 해석이 가능하고, 토층내 깊이에 따른 사면안전율을 산정할 수 있다. 또한 지표면으로부터 일정깊이까지의 풍화작용에 의한 영향을 고려할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 상대밀도 60%의 주문진 표준사로 구성된 불포화 무한사면에 대하여 흡입응력을 고려한 안정해석기법을 적용하였다. 강우의 비침투 조건에서 흡입응력은 지하수위로부터 상부의 일정깊이까지만 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 강우의 정상침투 조건에서 흡입응력은 토층내 전체적으로 영향을 미치며, 지표면 부근에서 흡입응력이 가장 크게 발현됨을 알 수 있다. 강우의 비침투 조건에서 무한사면의 안전율은 지하수위에 의한 흡입응력의 영향범위 내에서 급격하게 증가 및 감소하였다. 사면안정해석결과 지표면으로부터 2.4m사이에서 사면안전율이 1이하 이므로 해당깊이에서 사면파괴가 발생될 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 강우의 정상침투가 발생되는 조건에서 무한사면의 안전율은 침투로 인한 토층내 흡입응력의 영향으로 비침투 조건에 비해 증가함을 알 수 있다. 그러나 강우의 정상침투율이 포화투수계수에 가까워짐에 따라 사면안전율은 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 강우의 정상침투율이 $-1.8{\times}10^{-3}cm/s$인 경우 무한사면의 안정해석결과 지표면으로부터 0.2m에서 3m 사이에서 사면안전율이 1 이하이므로 해당깊이에서 사면파괴가 발생될 가능성이 높으며, 이는 얕은 산사태의 발생형태임을 알 수 있다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제48권7호
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the liquefaction behaviour and predict deviator stress with matric suction, of unsaturated silty sand. The unsaturated soil tests were conducted using a modified triaxial cell and specimens were prepared using the moisture tamping method. The axis translation technique was used to create the desired matric suctions in the specimen. Undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out at matric suction of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 25 kPa. The specimens were sheared to axial strains of about 20% to obtain steady state conditions. The results showed that liquefaction of silty sand only occurs at matric suction of 0 kPa and 2 kPa. The results also show that at matric suctions of 5, 10 and 25 kPa, the resistance to liquefaction increases. As the suction increases, the undrained effective stress path approached the drained stress path. Also, the predicted and measured maximum deviator stress for unsaturated soils using the effective stress concept showed good agreement as matric suction increases. The deviator stress increase is nonlinear as matric suction increases.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2005

In order to analyse the flow problems for an unsaturated soil, it is required to examine closely the characteristics of the coefficient of permeability which is changing with the matric suction. To this ends, a permeability test was conducted on the three samples;granular soil, cohesive soil and silty soil. The specimen was made by pressing the static pressure on the mold filled with soil and the void ratio was controled with the different compaction ratio. And the test was performed by using the modified apparatus of the steady state method which was proposed by flute (1972). The range of matric suction was 0-90 kPa. The measured results for the coefficients of permeability were analysed with the void ratio and the compaction ratio, and it was examined closely the characteristics of the permeability for an unsaturated soil.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.75-84
• /
• 2019

A steady slot suction near the free-end leading edge of a finite-length square cylinder was used to control its aerodynamic forces and vortex-induced vibration (VIV). The freestream oncoming flow velocity ($U_{\infty}$) was from 3.8 m/s to 12.8 m/s. The width of the tested cylinder d = 40 mm and aspect ratio H/d = 5, where H was the height of the cylinder. The corresponding Reynolds number was from 10,400 to 35,000. The tested suction ratio Q, defined as the ratio of suction velocity ($U_s$) at the slot over the oncoming flow velocity at which the strongest VIV occurs ($U_{\nu}$), ranged from 0 to 3. It was found that the free-end slot suction can effectively attenuate the VIV of a cantilevered square cylinder. In the experiments, the RMS value of the VIV amplitude reduced quickly with Q increasing from 0 to 1, then kept approximately constant for $Q{\geq}1$. The maximum reduction of the VIV occurs at Q = 1, with the vibration amplitude reduced by 92%, relative to the uncontrolled case. Moreover, the overall fluctuation lift of the finite-length square cylinder was also suppressed with the maximum reduction of 87%, which occurred at Q = 1. It was interesting to discover that the free-end shear flow was sensitive to the slot suction near the leading edge. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of the flow over the free end was the highest at Q = 1, which may result in the strongest mixing between the high momentum free-end shear flow and the near wake.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 유체기계공업학회 2006년 제4회 한국유체공학학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.195-198
• /
• 2006

The possibility of skin friction reduction in laminar channel flow is investigated when the flow is subjected to stationary distributed surface blowing and suction. Blowing and suction provided at the channel walls is steady in time but varies as a sine function along the streamwise direction. The skin friction changes depending on the wavelength and amplitude of the actuation. Especially, the skin friction is reduced below that of fully developed laminar flow as the wavelength decreases and amplitude increases. The optimal wavelength of producing minimum skin friction is $\pi/2{\delta}$, where $\delta$ is the channel half-height It is observed that the distributed blowing and suction induces strong negative Reynolds shear stress in the near-wall region at the end of the suction part.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.179-191
• /
• 2019

Based on the effective stress principle, a new formula for shear strength of unsaturated soil is derived under the general nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) strength criterion to improve the classical strength criterion of unsaturated soil. Meanwhile, the simple irrigation model under steady seepage is adopted to obtain the distribution of the matrix suction or the degree of saturation (DOS) above the groundwater table in the slope. Then, combined with the improved strength criterion of unsaturated soil and the simple irrigation model under steady seepage, the limit equilibrium (LE) solutions for the unsaturated slope stability are established according to the global LE conditions of the entire sliding body with assumption of the stresses on the slip surface. Compared to the classical strength criterion of unsaturated soil, not only the cohesion soil but also the internal friction angle is affected by the matric suction or the DOS in the improved strength criterion. Moreover, the internal friction angle related to the matric suction has the nonlinear characteristics, particularly for a small of the matric suction. Thereafter, the feasibility of the present method is verified by comparison and analysis on some slope examples. Furthermore, stability charts are also drawn to quickly analyze the unsaturated slope stability.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.688-698
• /
• 2009

In this paper, the steady lift force acting on a slender body moving beneath regular wave systems of arbitrary wavelengths and directions of propagation is considered. The momentum conservation theorem and the strip method are used to obtain the hydrodynamic forces acting on the body and affecting its motions on the assumption that the body is slender. In order to obtain the vertical steady force acting on it, or the free surface suction force, the second-order hydrodynamic forces caused by mutual interactions between the components of the first-order hydrodynamic forces are averaged over time. The validity of the method is tested by comparison of the calculated results with experimental data and found to be satisfactory. Through some parametric calculations performed for a typical model, some useful results are obtained as to the depth of submergence of the body, wavelengths, directions, etc.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.668-672
• /
• 2014

Background Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is believed to accelerate wound healing by altering wound microvascular blood flow. Although many studies using laser Doppler have found that NPWT increases perfusion, recent work using other modalities has demonstrated that perfusion is reduced. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of NPWT on tissue oxygenation of the foot, which is the most sensitive region of the body to ischemia. Methods Transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen ($TcpO_2$) was used to determine perfusion beneath NPWT dressings of 10 healthy feet. The sensor was placed on the tarso-metatarsal area of the foot and the NPWT dressing was placed above the sensor. $TcpO_2$ was measured until it reached a steady plateau state. The readings obtained at the suction-on period were compared with the initial baseline (pre-suction) readings. Results $TcpO_2$ decreased significantly immediately after applying NPWT, but gradually increased over time until reaching a steady plateau state. The decrease in $TcpO_2$ from baseline to the steady state was 2.9 to 13.9 mm Hg (mean, $9.3{\pm}3.6$ mm Hg; $13.5{\pm}5.8%$; P<0.01). All feet reached a plateau within 20 to 65 minutes after suction was applied. Conclusions NPWT significantly decrease tissue oxygenation of the foot by 2.9 to 13.9 mm Hg. NPWT should be used with caution on feet that do not have adequate tissue oxygenation for wound healing.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제10권9호
• /
• pp.2195-2201
• /
• 2009

본 논문은 R290, R600a, R1270과 같은 탄화수소계 냉매를 사용하는 냉동사이클의 효율에 대한 흡입관 열교환기의 영향을 고려하였다. 이러한 흡입관 열교환기는 냉동시스템의 성능을 향상시킬 수도 있지만, 성능을 저하시킬 수도 있다. 본 논문에서는 흡입관 열교환기를 가진 냉동사이클의 성능 특성을 파악하기 위해서 정상상태의 수학적 모델을 사용하였다. 그리고 탄화수소계 냉매유량, 흡입관 열교환기의 내관 직경, 길이, 유용도 등과 같은 운전조건의 영향을 분석하였다. 연구결과는 흡입관 열교환기의 내관 직경, 길이, 유용도, 탄화수소계 냉매의 질량유량은 냉동사이클의 상대냉동능력지수, 냉동능력, 압축일량에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 영향을 상세히 파악하여, 흡입관 열교환기를 설치한 탄화수소계 냉매용 증기압축식 냉동사이클을 설계할 필요가 있다.