• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.107-122
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• 2010

This paper deals with the reliability analysis of a complex system, which consists of two subsystems A and B connected in series. Subsystem A has only one unit and B has two units $B_1$ and $B_2$. Marked process has been applied to model the complex system. Present reliability model incorporated two repairmen: supervisor and novice to repair the failed units. Supervisor is always there and the novice remains in vacation and is called for repair as per demand. The repair rates for supervisor and novice follow general and exponential distributions respectively and the failure time for both the subsystems follows exponential distribution. The model is analyzed under "Head of line repair discipline". By employing supplementary variable technique, Laplace transformation and Gumbel-Hougaard family of copula various transition state probabilities, reliability, availability and cost analysis have been obtained along with the steady state behaviour of the system. At the end some special cases of the system have been taken.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.730-740
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• 2000

고가용성 다중계 시스템의 소프트웨어 재활 기법은 시스템의 결함 발생 이후에 수동적으로 대처하기보다는 결함이 발생하기 전에 이를 미연에 방지하는 능동적 차원의 결함 허용 방법이다. 특히 멀티미디어 이동 컴퓨팅에서 사용되는 소프트웨어는 통신 단절, 데이터 유실 등으로 인한 노화 진행이 일반 소프트웨어보다 상당히 빠르게 진행되기 때문에 소프트웨어 재활에 의한 결함 예방 방법은 대규모 멀티미디어 이동 컴퓨팅 시스템에 사용될 가능성이 높다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서버에서 수행되는 소프트웨어의 재활 주기, 재활 소요시간, 서버의 고장률, 수리률, 동시에 가동되는 서버의 수, 서버의 가동 기간 및 가동 방식 등의 시스템 운영 파라미터에 기초하여, 소프트웨어 재활 정책에 대한 평가를 위한 평형 상태에서의 확률, downtime, 가용도, 손실 비용 등을 계산하였다 수학적 분석을 통해 구한 재활 모델의 closed-form 해는 다양한 시스템 운영 상태에 대한 실험을 통해 검증하였으며, 소프트웨어 재활을 통한 예방적 결함허용 기법의 적용 가능성이 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 서버의 고장률 및 불안정률이 소프트웨어 재활 정책 결정에 중요한 요소임을 파악하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.449-454
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• 2000

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management. On the basis of an systems ecology perspective, this suggests the sustainable development of Korea\`s natural environment and economic activity using the EMERGY evaluation. The total EMERGY use(7,730E20sej/yr) in Korea is 81 percent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. Continued availability of purchased inputs at a favorable balance of EMERGY trade, currently about 2.85 to 1 net EMERGY, tis the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net EMERGY of purchased inputs including fossil fuels goes down. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.23 and 20.30, respectively. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 2.2 million people, compared to 45.9 million in 1977. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Until now the development of a country has been achieved by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems. the efficiency of energy usage, and the transformation of the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.571-582
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• 1992

Soybeans were dry extruded at three different temperatures (125, 135 and $145^{\circ}C$) for 30 s. Four lambs fitted with cannulae in the rumen and abomasums were used in a balanced $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Lambs were fed at 2 h intervals for 12 times a day with automatic feeder to maintain steady state conditions in digestive tract. A dual-phase marker system was used to estivate ruminal flow rate of both liquid and solid digesta. Objectives of this study were to determine the effect of extrusion temperature of raw soybean on the ruminal liquid and solid dilution rate, nitrogen digestion and flow at the abomasum and availability of amino acid in lambs. There were no significant effects of extrusion on liquid and solid dilution rate, and liquid volume. Ruminal liquid flow rate was not influenced by extrusion and ranged from 389 to 435 ml/hr. Extrusion had no influence on ruminal OM digestion and flow rate to the abomasums. Dietary N flow to the abomasums increased (p < 0.05) as extruding temperature increased. Extruding temperature had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on flow of N escaping ruminal degradation and ranged from 34.91 to 57.38%. Microbial N synthesized/kg OMTDR ranged from 27 to 37 g and highest with $145^{\circ}C$ ESB diet. Extrusion decreased the amount of degradable amino acid in the rumen and increased the supply of amino acid to the lower gut, especially with 135 and $145^{\circ}C$ ESB diets.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1727-1734
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 잉크젯 프린터의 고품질 인쇄 및 인쇄 속도 향상을 위하여 헤드 노즐로부터 분사된 잉크 액적의 위치 제어 정밀도를 향상할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 샤프트를 따라 이동하고 있는 캐리지에 탑재된 잉크젯 프린터 헤드의 노즐로부터 분사 신호에 동기되어 분사된 액적의 운동 방정식을 수립하고 이로부터 액적이 용지에 도달하는 궤적을 모델링하여 탄착지점을 예측함으로써 분사 액적을 원하는 지점에 정확하게 탄착시키도록 액적 분사 신호의 타이밍을 제어하는 방법을 제안한다. 캐리지의 위치 신호와의 단순 동기에 기반을 둔 기존의 분사 제어 방법에 비해 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 이동하는 캐리지의 속도를 고려하여 분사 타이밍을 보상하므로 캐리지의 속도 변동에 대해서도 보다 정확한 위치 제어가 가능하여 고품질 인쇄를 구현할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 방향 전환을 위한 가감속 구간에서도 프린팅을 가능하게 하므로 동일한 인쇄 영역에 대해서 캐리지의 이동 경로가 짧아져 인쇄 속도를 향상시킬 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제14권E호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1998

Oxides of nitrogen play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. Soil has been recognized as a major natural source of NO, and its emission depends on soil parameters such as soil nitrogen availability, soil moisture and temperature. It is necessary to understand effects of these controlling parameters on soil NO emission. In order to understand soil moisture effects on NO emission, variations of NO concentration and existence of its equilibrium concentration were observed from ammonium fertilized Japanese upland soil prepared for different soil moisture conditions. The closed chamber technique was employed for this study. The significant increases in NO with soil moisture were found. Maximum was occurred at sample ID4 (55% of water-filled pore space (WFPS)), but it decreased as soil moisture increased. No significant NO concentration was emitted from soil sample without fertilizer, but there was significant NO in fertilized soil samples. The magnitudes of NO from soil increased with time and reached at steady state within ten minutes approximately. These results suggest that nitrogen input from fertilizer takes charge in the first step of sharp increase in NO emission, and then soil moisture becomes important factor to control NO emission from the soils. NO concentrations from soil were compared to those one-day after the experiment. Results from the comparison analysis suggest that the soil NO flux might have been stimulated by soil disturbances like mixing, and this is much more effective in dry soils rather than in wet soils. It was found that much less NO came out from soils after a day; suggesting that most of NO was released from the soils within a day after fertilizer application during our experiment. The length of NO releasing time span may depend on the amounts of fertilizer applied, soil moisture condition, and other soil physical parameters.

• 멤브레인
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 1994

본 연구에서는 전기투석법을 이용하여 아미노산 수용액중에 존재하는 전해질인 무기염의 분리 정제에 관하여 고찰하였다. 생물 분리기술로서 아미노산의 등전위점을 이용한 전기투석법의 적합성을 검토하기 위하여 음이온교환막, NEOSEPTA AM1(Tokuyama Soda Co. Ltd., Japan)과 양이온교환막 CM1 (Tokuyama Soda Co. Ltd., Japan)막을 사용한 전기투석조를 설계하였고 아미노산 발효공정과 유사한 계를 만들어서 무기염인 NaCl의 분리실험을 하였다. 즉, 운전조건을 설정하기 위해 pH에 따른 아미노산의 누설량, 한계전류 밀도를 측정한 후, 이를 바탕으로 회분식과 연속식 실험으로 염의 제거량과 아미노산의 누설량을 정량적으로 고찰하고 전류효율을 구하였다. 회분식 장치에서 아미노산 수용액별로 11시간동안 운전한 결과 NaCl의 제거효율은 96.1~96.2%이었고, 아미노산의 누설율은 glycine의 경우 2.5%, methionine의 경우 1.7%, alanine의 겨우 2.0%이었으며, 전류효율은 44.5~44.6% 범위이었다. 연속식 장치에서는 아미노산 수용액별로 dilution rate을 1.0~3.9$h^{-1}$로 변화시켜 실험한 결과, 120~150분 사이에 정상상태에 도달하였고, 유속이 작을수록 염의 제거 효율은 증가하였으나 전류효율은 감소하였다. 이때 아미노산의 누설은 거의 없었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.45-67
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• 2008

Ocean climate variables ($1900{\sim}2005$), time series of catches ($1910{\sim}2005$) and body size data were used to assess the year-to-year and decadal scale fluctuations in abundance of the fish populations (Japanese sardine, anchovy, jack mackerel, chub mackerel, Pacific saury and common squid) that have spawning grounds in the East China Sea and its adjacent regions. A negative correlation between the abundance of pelagic fishes (e.g. jack mackerel) in the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) region and the Kuroshio-Oyashio Current (KOC) region was attributed to the climatic modulation of larval transport and recruitment, which depends on the winter monsoon-induced drift, current systems, and spawning season and site. The changes in abundance and alternation of dominant fish populations in the two regions in the 1930s, 1970s, and late 1980s mirrored changes in the climate indices (ALPI, AOI and MOI). Oscillations in the decadal climate shifts between the two regions led to zonal differences in larval transport and recruitment, and hence differences in the abundance of the pelagic fish populations. During deep Aleutian Lows, as in the 1980s, larval transport from the East China Sea to the KOC region increases in association with the strong winter Asian monsoon, cool regime and increased volume transport of the Kuroshio Current systems, whereas during a weak Aleutian Low (as in the 1990s), larval transport to the TWC region increased in association with a weak winter Asian monsoon, a warm regime, and increased volume transport of the Tsushima current system. We postulate that the increased chub mackerel abundance in the TWC region and the decreased abundance in the KOC region in the 1990s are partly attributed to changes in recruitment and availability to the fishing fleets under the warm regime in the spawning and nursery grounds in the East China Sea in association with the quasi-steady state of mild winter monsoon in the 1990s. The fluctuations in chub mackerel and jack mackerel abundance are under the environment-dependant growth form, although the tropicalization was identified in the TWC region. The density-dependant growth form was found in Japanese sardine populations, but no tropicalization by fishing was identified in the long ($10{\sim}15$ year) periods of abundance despite their short ($3{\sim}4$ year) generation time, suggesting that the environment-dependant growth form drove the changes in abundance. Year-to-year and decadal scale variations in abundance and population structure of the Pacific saury responded to climate regime shifts (1976/1977, 1988/1989), suggesting that the fish is a key bio-indicators for changes in the ecosystem.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

환경개발과 경제발전을 조화롭게 하여 지속가능한 것으로 발전시킬 수 있는 EMERGY <분 석법올 이용하여 한국의 환경과 경제에 적용하였다 .. 1991년 한국이 사용한 총 EMERGY량은 4 4,373 E20 sej/yr 로서 이중 약 90%가 외국에서 수입해 온 원유, 광물자원 그리고 상품 둥으로 부터 비롯된 것이다. 국내의 환경자원으로부터의 EMERGY 사용량은 강수량과 지질학적 작용 이 유사한 다른 국가와 동일한 수준이었다. 환경자원에 대한 경제적 이용률은 선진국의 이용률과 같은 수준이어서 제한된 환경자원에 대한 압박이 클 수밖에 없음을 알 수 있었다. 인구 1인당 사용량은 부폰자원이 빈약하고 무 역수지의 적자에도 불구하고 약 3.4배의 EMERGY교역의 흑자로 인하여 경제선진국의 값과 비슷하였다. 그러나, 현재의 소비수준으로 국내의 환경자원에만 의존할 경우 약 2년 정도밖에 지속될 수 없으며, 정상상태에서의 인구 수용능력은 ’91년 현재의 인구 4천 3백만명에 비하여 3백3십 만명 에 불과하다. E EMERGY 분석을 통해서 볼 때 한국의 경제활동은 환경에 지나친 압박올 주고 있으며 성 장의 지속은 중동국가를 비롯한 산유국과 경제적인 수지가 아닌 EMERGY 수지의 관점에서 얼마나 효율적으로 상호관계를 유지하느냐에 달려 있다.