• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 1974

Health at infancy and early childhood is considered an important factor for healthy life thereafter. Concept of nursing is inclusive not only of physical care but also psycho-social aspect in order to help achieve maximum state of wellness. Statistical studies reveal concept and structure of family and home tends to change towards nuclear type, ratio of female occupancy tends to increase. These tendencies will influence the method of infants and children. Purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of mothers and their children with and without occupation, method of nurturing and analyse data according to various variables, in arnder to give data for care for infants and children. During the period of June 12 though July 22, 1973, 98 mothers and their 224 children; 53 mothers with occupation with 110 children and 45 mothers without occupation with 114 children were Interviewed indirectly through check list. Results of the studies are as follows: 1. Hypothesis 1 ; Tendencies of finger sucking will be greater in children of occupant mothers due to lack of maternal love. Through chi-square examination significant difference is revealed by P>0.05 level, therefore Hypothesis 1 is rejected. (X²=0.24) 3. Hypothesis 2; of occupant mothers tend to have had wanted number of children through family planning. Ratio of wanted versus unwanted children were tested and significant difference is revealed by P<0.05 1eve1. Hypothesis 2 is supported. (X²=8.398). 3. Hypothesis 3: Non-occupant mothers tend to cuddle more while feeding infants. Significant difference Is revealed through Chi-square test by P〈0.05 level. Hypothesis 3 is rejected. (X²=4.34) Conclusion and recommendations: Occupant mothers' higher degree of interest and consideration compared to that of non-occupant mothers in regard to nurturing of their children have been ascertained by this study. These results fight have come up due to the differences of socioeconomic and cultural status of respondents. Further studies on each variable between mothers with and without occupation with similar socio-economic and cultural background are recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.37
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• pp.279-288
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of organizational development techniques for the behavioral change of employees and to inform organizational developer useful information for decision making. The scope of this study be limited to the techniques for the individual behavioral change among the organizational development The methodology of this study used the questionaire, and the sampling objected to the white class of manufactures. To verify the hypothesis, statistical methods used are Regression Analysis, T-test, Chi- square.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 1994

Some rank score tests are proposed for testing the equality of all sampling distribution functions against ordered location-scale alternatives in k-sample problem. Under the null hypothesis and a contiguous sequence of ordered location-scale alternatives, the asymptotic properties of the proposed test statistics are investigated. Also, the asymptotic local powers are compared with each others. The results show that the proposed tests based on the Hettmansperger-Norton type statistic are more powerful than others for the general ordered location-scale alternatives. However, the Shiraishi's tests based on the sum of two Bartholomew's rank analogue statistics are robust.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 2001

The minimum negative exponential disparity estimator(MNEDE), introduced by Lindsay(1994), is an excellenet competitor to the minimum Hellinger distance estimator(Beran 1977) as a robust and yet efficient alternative to the maximum likelihood estimator in parametric models. In this paper we define the negative exponential deviance test(NEDT) as an analog of the likelihood ratio test(LRT), and show that the NEDT is asymptotically equivalent to he LRT at the model and under a sequence of contiguous alternatives. We establish that the asymptotic strong breakdown point for a class of minimum disparity estimators, containing the MNEDE, is at least 1/2 in continuous models. This result leads us to anticipate robustness of the NEDT under data contamination, and we demonstrate it empirically. In fact, in the simulation settings considered here the empirical level of the NEDT show more stability than the Hellinger deviance test(Simpson 1989). The NEDT is illustrated through an example data set. We also define a goodness-of-fit statistic to assess adequacy of a specified parametric model, and establish its asymptotic normality under the null hypothesis.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1149-1160
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• 2011

Model selection and hypothesis testing problems in Bayesian inference are still debated between scholars. Bayesian factors traditionally used as a criterion in Bayesian hypothesis testing and model selection, are easy to understand but sometimes hard to compute. In addition, there are other model selection criterions such as DIC(Deviance Information Criterion) by Spiegelhalter et al. (2002) and Bayesian P-values for testing. In this paper, we briefly introduce the Bayesian hypothesis testing and model selection procedure. In addition we have applied a Bayesian inference to Swiss banknote data by a fitting logistic regression model and computing several test statistics to see if they provide consistent results.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.595-610
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• 2013

Testing of order-restricted alternative hypothesis in $2{\times}k$ contingency tables can be applied to various fields of medicine, sociology, and business administration. Most testing methods have been developed based on a large sample theory. In the case of a small sample size or unbalanced sample size, the Type I error rate of the testing method (based on a large sample theory) is very different from the target point of 5%. In this paper, the exact testing method is introduced in regards to the testing of an order-restricted alternative hypothesis in categorical data (particularly if a small sample size or extreme unbalanced data). Power and exact p-value are calculated, respectively.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1984

The purpose of the study is to inquire how the family environmental variables are to influence on the behavior, time of laundering and laundering facilities in the urban households. Independent variables are limited to the number of family members, the are of the youngest child, the age of the home maker, and her educational level, family income , and the type of housing in which the family lives. The total of 222 samples were thus selected. The data was analyzed on the basis of statistical method such as percentage, mean ,standard deviation, chi-square, and F-test. The major findings are as follows; 1) Hypothesis 1 is rejected, because the behavior of laundering management is not influenced by six family environmental variables. 2) The facilities for laundering management are affected by the home maker's age(p<.05), her educational level(p<.001), family income (p<.001), the housing of the family (p<.01) among six family environmental variables ; there fore, Hypothesis 2 is partially proved; 3) the time for laundering management is affected by the number of family members(p<.01), the age of the youngest child(p<.05), the home maker's educational level(p<.001) among six family environmental variables; therefore, Hypothesis 3 is partially proved.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.481-486
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• 2012

Accurate and efficient estimation of the number of sources is critical for providing the parameter of targets in problems of array signal processing and blind source separation among other such problems. When conventional estimators work in unfavorable scenarios, e.g., at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with a small number of snapshots, or for sources with a different strength, it is challenging to maintain good performance. In this paper, the detection limit of the minimum description length (MDL) estimator and the signal strength required for reliable detection are first discussed. Though a comparison, we analyze the reason that performances of classical estimators deteriorate completely in unfavorable scenarios. After discussing the limiting distribution of eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix, we propose a new approach for estimating the number of sources which is based on a sequential hypothesis test. The new estimator performs better in unfavorable scenarios and is consistent in the traditional asymptotic sense. Finally, numerical evaluations indicate that the proposed estimator performs well when compared with other traditional estimators at low SNR and in the finite sample size case, especially when weak signals are superimposed on the strong signals.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1998

Since patients who have suffered from strokes have chronic health problems, the development of a protocol for home care nursing is required. Therefore, this study was done to test the effects of such a protocol on stroke patients. This study was conducted by using a single group pre-post design. The subjects for the study were 13 home care nurses and 30 home care patients who had a stroke. Data collection was done from October 1997 to February 1998. The collected data was analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired t-test and the results were as follows : 1. The first hypothesis that 'working satisfaction of home nurses would be higher after using the home care protocol' was supported. 2. The second hypothesis that 'patients' satisfaction would be higher after using the home care protocol' was rejected. 3. The third hypothesis that 'the level of ADL of patients would be higher after using the home care protocol' was supported. In conclusion, by using a home care protocol, the satisfaction of nurses' work and the ADL of patients increased, and the patients' satisfaction also increased without statistical significance. The above results confirm that the application of a home care protocol is very effective. Thus, this protocol can be helpful in the quality care of stroke patients. Therefore, developing and organizing protocols, according to health problem, can be useful for beginner nurses who interact with high risk patients.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.289-298
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• 1998

We investigate the distribution of likelihood ratio test(LRT) of null hypothesis a sample is from single gamma with unknown shape and scale against the alternative hypothesis a sample is from a mixture of two gammas, each with unknown scale and unknown (but equal) scale. To obtain stable maximum likelihood estimates(MLE) of a mixture of two gamma distributions, the EM(Dempster, Laird, and Robin(1977))and Modified Newton(Jensen and Johansen(1991)) algorithms were implemented. Based on EM, we made a simple structure likelihood equation for each parameter and could obtain stable solution by Modified Newton Algorithms. Simulation study was conducted to investigate the distribution of LRT for sample size n = 25, 50, 75, 100, 50, 200, 300, 400, 500 with 2500 replications. To determine the small sample distribution of LRT, I considered the model of a gamma distribution with shape parameter equal to 1 + f(n) and scale parameter equal to 2. The simulation results indicate that the null distribution is essentially invariant to the value of the shape parameter. Modeling of the null distribution indicates that it is well approximated by a gamma distribution with shape parameter equal to the quantity $0.927+1.18/\sqrt{n}$ and scale parameter equal to 2.16.