• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.97-103
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• 2011

In this research, a small-scaled laboratory test and FEM analysis have been carried out to evaluate the feasibility of field construction with couple of recycled materials, such as in-situ soil, water-treatment sludge, and crumb rubbers. A static loading, which simulates the real traffic load, was adopted in lab test. The test was carried out, according to simulated field construction stages, such as excavation, bedding materials and pipe installation, placing and curing of controlled low strength materials, and simulated traffic loading. Couple of measuring instruments were adopted. The maximum vertical and horizontal deformations were 0.83% and 1.09%, during placing the CLSM. The measured vertical and horizontal deformations with curing time were 0.603mm and 0.676mm, respectively. The reduction effect of vertical and lateral earth pressure was relatively big. Also, FEM analysis was carried out to get the deformation, earth pressure and strain of PVC with different Controlled Low Strength Materials(CLSM) materials.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.86 no.5
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• pp.607-619
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• 2023

This study, it was tried to evaluate the asphalt behavior under tensile loading conditions through indirect Brazilian and direct tensile tests, experimentally and numerically. This paper is important from two points of view. The first one, a new test method was developed for the determination of the direct tensile strength of asphalt and its difference was obtained from the indirect test method. The second one, the effects of particle size and loading rate have been cleared on the tensile fracture mechanism. The experimental direct tensile strength of the asphalt specimens was measured in the laboratory using the compression-to-tensile load converting (CTLC) device. Some special types of asphalt specimens were prepared in the form of slabs with a central hole. The CTLC device is then equipped with this specimen and placed in the universal testing machine. Then, the direct tensile strength of asphalt specimens with different sizes of ingredients can be measured at different loading rates in the laboratory. The particle flow code (PFC) was used to numerically simulate the direct tensile strength test of asphalt samples. This numerical modeling technique is based on the versatile discrete element method (DEM). Three different particle diameters were chosen and were tested under three different loading rates. The results show that when the loading rate was 0.016 mm/sec, two tensile cracks were initiated from the left and right of the hole and propagated perpendicular to the loading axis till coalescence to the model boundary. When the loading rate was 0.032 mm/sec, two tensile cracks were initiated from the left and right of the hole and propagated perpendicular to the loading axis. The branching occurs in these cracks. This shows that the crack propagation is under quasi-static conditions. When the loading rate was 0.064 mm/sec, mixed tensile and shear cracks were initiated below the loading walls and branching occurred in these cracks. This shows that the crack propagation is under dynamic conditions. The loading rate increases and the tensile strength increases. Because all defects mobilized under a low loading rate and this led to decreasing the tensile strength. The experimental results for the direct tensile strengths of asphalt specimens of different ingredients were in good accordance with their corresponding results approximated by DEM software.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.4A
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• pp.537-548
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• 2008

Recently, the prestressed unbonded concrete structures are increasingly being built. The mechanical behavior of prestressed concrete beams with unbonded tendon is different from that of normal bonded PSC beams in that the increment of tendon stress was derived by whole member behavior. The purpose of the present paper is therefore to evaluate the flexural behavior and to propose the equation of ultimate tendon stress by performing static flexural test according to span/depth, concrete compression strength, reinforcement ratio and the effect of existing bonded tendon. From experimental results, for cracking, yielding and ultimate load, the effect of reinforcement ratio was more effective than concrete compression strength, and the beams having high strength concrete had a good performance than having low concrete, but there was no difference between high strength and low strength. And as L/dp was larger, test beams had a long region of ductility. This means that unbonded tendon has a large contribution after reinforcement yielding. Especially, the equation of ACI-318 was not match with test results and had no correlations. After analysis of test results, the equation of ultimate unbonded tendon stress without slip was proposed, and the proposed equation was well matched with test results. So the proposed equation in this paper will be a effective basis for the evaluation of unbonded tendons without slip, analysis and design.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.145-155
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• 2002

The results of the present feasibility study are summarized as follows, 1. The three unit bridge of knitted material and UD fibre reinforcement has both the rigidity and the strength against a vertical occlusal load of 75N. 2. Stress concentration at the junctional area between the bridge and the abutments, i.e. between the pontic and the knitted caps was observed. In the case of the bridge with reinforcement straps, it was partly shown that the concentration problem could be improved by simply increasing the fillet size at the area. Further refining in the surface of the junctional area will be needed to ensure a further improvement in the stress distribution. This will require some trade off in the level of the stress and the available space. A parametric study will help to decide the appropriate size of the fillet. 3. Design refinement is a must to improve the stress distribution and realize the most favourable shape in terms of fabrication. The current straight bar with a constant cross section area can be redesigned to a tapered shape. The curve from the dental arch should also be placed on the pontic design. In accordance with design refinement, the resistance of the bridge frame to other load cases should be evaluated. 4. Although not included in the present feasibility study, it is estimated that bridges of the anterior teeth can be made strong enough with the knitted material without further reinforcement using unidirectional materials. In this regard, a feasibility study on design concepts and stress analysis for 3, 4, 5 unit bridge is suggested. 5. Two types of bridge were analysed in terms of fatigue. The safe life design concept, i.e. fatigue design concept, looks reasonable for the bridge where if cracks should form and propagate there is virtually nothing a dentist to do. The bridge must be designed so that no crack will be initiated during the life span. In the case of crowns, however, if constructed with composite resin with knitted materials, it might be possible to repair them, which in general is impossible for crowns of PFM or of metal. Therefore for composite resin crowns, a damage tolerance design concept can be applied and reasonably higher operational stresses can be allowed. In this case, of course, a periodic inspection program should be established in parallel. 6. Parts of future works in terms of structural viewpoint which need to be addressed are summarized as the following: 1) To develop processing technology to accommodate design concepts; 2) More realistic modelling of the bridge and analysis-geometry and loading condition. Thickness variation in the knitted material, taper in the pontic, design for anterior tooth bridge, the effect of combined loads, etc, will need to be included; 3) To develop appropriate design concepts and design goals for the fibre composite FPD aiming at taking the best advantage of knitted materials, including the damage tolerance design concept; 4) To develop testing method and perform test such as static ultimate load test, fatigue test, repair test, etc, as necessary.

• Composites Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.296-301
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• 2020

Laminated composite materials have excellent in-plane properties, but are vulnerable in thickness directions, making it easy to delamination when bending and torsion loads are applied. Thickness directional reinforcement methods of composite materials that delay delamination include Z-pinning, Stitching, Tufting, etc., and typically Z-pinning and Stitching method are commonly used. The Z-pinning is reinforcement method by inserting metal or carbon pin in the thickness direction of prepreg, and the conventional stitching process is a method of reinforcing the mechanical properties in the thickness direction by intersecting the upper and lower fibers on the preform. In this paper, I-fiber stitching method, which complement and improve weakness of Z-pinning and Stitching method, was proposed, and the static strength of composite single-lap joints using I-fiber stitching process were evaluated. The single-lap joints were fabricated by a co-curing method using an autoclave vacuum bag process. The thickness of the composite adherend was fixed, and 5 types of specimens were manufactured with varying the stitching pattern (5×5, 7×7) and angle (0°, 45°). From the test, the failure load of the specimen reinforced by the I-fiber stitching process was increased by up to 143% compared to that of specimen without reinforcement.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.609-616
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• 2010

FRP-concrete composite deck, an innovative system, is composed of concrete in the top and FRP panel in the bottom. Bottom FRP panel can reduce self weight and improve workability. This system requires strong connection between FRP and concrete. Therefore coarse sand coating was previously applied on FRP to improve the bonding. In this study, concrete wedge method is newly introduced to enhance both vertical bond and fatigue performance. Three FRP-concrete composite deck specimens with the concrete wedges were manufactured, and static and fatigue tests were carried out. The results showed that the new FRP-concrete composite deck satisfied deflection and crack width limits set by the design codes. And the fatigue test showed that the composite deck was capable of two million load cycles under 50% of its static strength. Based on the results, it can be concluded that that this new system has outstanding mechanical and durability performance, and therefore, satisfactorily be used in designing FRP-concrete composite deck.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.548-554
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• 1994

The high temperature fatigue crack growth behavior of SUS 304 stainless steel at $550^{\circ}C$ and $650^{\circ}C$ was investigated under various kinds of stress ratio and frequency in sinusoidal waveform on the basis of the non-linear fracture mechanics. The result arranging crack growth rate by modified J-integral J' showed influence of stress ratio and frequency. All the data obtained under the test at $550^{\circ}C$ were plotted within data band of da/dN-${\triangle}J_f$ relationship for cycle-dependent crack growth. On the basis of static creep and cycle-dependent data band; both time- and cycle-dependent crack growth behavior was observed under loading conditions at $650^{\circ}C$, but cycle-dependent crack growth behavior predominantly appeared and time-dependent crack growth behaviour was little observed under loading conditions at $550^{\circ}C$. Fractographic examinations for fracture surface indicated that the fracture mode was generally transgranular. The stripes were found on fracture surface and each stripe was accompanied by a crack tip blunting and an abrupt increase in the load-point displacement. The $J'_{an}$ had a validity in case of $650^{\circ}C, but scarcely had it in case of $550^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.277-287
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• 1999

Quasi-static tests such as monotonic tension and loading/unloading tension were performed to investigate the bond characteristics and the failure processes for the T-joint specimens made from fiber/epoxy composite material. Two types of specimens, each consists of two components, e. g. skin and frame. were manufactured by co-curing and secondary bonding. During the monotonic tension test, AE instrument was used to predict AE signal at the initial and middle stage of the damage propagation. The damage initiation and progression were monitored optically using m (Charge Coupled Device) camera. And the internal crack front profile was examined using ultrasonic C-scan. The results indicate that the loads representing the abrupt increase of the AE signal are within the error range of 5 percent comparing to the loads shown in the load-time curve. Also it is shown that the initiation of crack occurred in the noodle region for both co-cured and secondarily bonded specimen. The final failure occurred in the noodle region for the co-cured specimen. but at the skin/frame termination point for the secondarily bonded specimen. Based on the results, it was found that two kinds of specimen show different failure modes depending on the manufacturing methods.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1993

Model tests in calibration chamber with open -ended steel pipe pile have been performed in sand deposit to clarify effect of soil plug on bearing capacity, load transfer mechanisms in soil plug, and behavior of soil plug under dynamic and static conditions. Model piles were devised so that bearing capacity of open -ended pile could be measured separately into outside skin friction, inside skin friction due to soil plug -pile interaction and end bearing force on the section of steel pipe pile. It may be concluded, form the test results, that the plugging level of open -ended pile is more correctily defined by specific recovery ratio, y, rather than by plug length ratio, PLR, and the major part of inside skin friction is generated within the range of three times as long as the inner diameter of the pile from the pile tip. The ratio of inside skin friction to total bearing capacity is much larger than that of outside skin friction to total bearing capacity. Therefore, the bearing capacity of pile could not be well predicted, unless the inside skin friction is properly taken into account.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.1 s.85
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

Moment frames have been widely used in building construction. In current design codes, concrete moment frames are classified into ordinary, intermediate, and special moment resisting concrete frames (OMRCF, IMRCF, SMRCF)). The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of columns in ordinary moment resisting concrete frames (OMRCF) and intermediate moment resisting concrete frames (IMRCF). For this purpose 3 story OMRCF and IMRCF buildings were designed and detailed in compliance to ACI 318 (2002) and KCI (1999). In this study the buildings were assumed to be located in seismic zone 1 classified by UBC (1997). This study considered the columns in the 1st story since these columns shall resist the largest axial and lateral forces during an earthquake. Eight 2/3 scale column specimens were made for representing the upper part and lower part of exterior and interior columns of the OMRCF and the IMRCF Quasi-static reversed cyclic loading was applied to each specimen with a constant or varying axial load. Test results show that seismic behaviors of columns are influenced by existence of lap splices, axial force levels, and lateral reinforcement at possible plastic hinging region. However, the effect of such variables strongly co-related to each other.