• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2006

The saccharogenic liquid (SFW) obtained by the enzymatic saccharification of food wastes was used as a medium for production of bacterial cellulose (BC). The enzymatic saccharification of food wastes was carried out by the cultivation supernatant of Trichoderma harziaum FJ1 culture. Acetobacter xylinum KJ1 was employed for the BC production culture. The physical properties, such as polymerization, crystallinity, Young's modulus, and tensile strength, of BCs produced by three culture methods: the static cultures using HS (Hestrin-Schramm) as a reference medium (A) or the SFW medium (B), the shaking culture (C) or the air circulation culture (D) using the SFW medium, were investigated. The degrees of polymerization of BCs produced under the different culture conditions (A-D) showed 11000, 9500, 8500, and 9200, respectively. Young's modulus was 4.15, 5.0, 4.0, and 4.6 GPa, respectively. Tensile strength was 124, 200, 80, and 184 MPa, respectively. All of the BC had a form of cellulose I representing pure cellulose. In the case of the shaking culture, the degree of crystallinity was 51.2%, the lowest degree. Under the other culturing conditions, the trend should remain in the range of 89.7-84%. Overall, the physical properties of BC produced from SFW were similar to those of BC from HS medium, a commercial complex medium, and BC production by the air circulation culture mode brought more favorable results in terms of the physical properties and its ease of scale-up. Therefore, it is expected that a new BC production method, like air circulation culture using SFW, would contribute greatly to BC-related manufacturing.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Many paddy cultivating farmers in the country are forced to use their limited resources to produce adequate food for their family, leading to the degradation and reduction in potential of these resources. The yield levels of paddy at the farmers' level and in the Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) conducted in the farmers' fields is not at par with potential yield of the paddy variety. The gap between potential yield of crop variety and yield realized in FLDs refers to Research gap and the yield gap between FLDs and due to farmers' practice refers to Extension gap. The earlier studies conducted in India in general and in Andhra Pradesh in particular highlighted the existence of both research and extension gaps with reference to paddy. It is essential that, the narrowing of both research and extension gaps is not static, but dynamic considering the influence of technological interventions in boosting paddy yields at FLDs level and at farmers' level and also with the improvement of the yield potential of paddy varieties. This calls for integrated and holistic approaches to address these two gaps and with this background, the researcher aimed at this in depth study. The findings revealed that, research gaps are high with reference to weed management and pest management and extension gaps are high with reference to farm mechanization followed by fertilizer management. Reliable source of seed, capital use and frequency of meetings with Scientists or Agricultural Officers significantly influence the extension gaps in paddy. Farmers also prioritized socio-economic and technical constraints and the analysis infers that, it is high time now for the farmers to adopt the planned technological interventions on scientific scale to minimize the extension gaps to the extent possible. As the enabling environment in the State of Andhra Pradesh is highly encouraging for the farmers with relevant policy instruments in the form of subsidized inputs, free power, credit at concessional rates of interest, constructing irrigation projects etc., the adoption of the proposed technological interventions significantly contribute to minimizing both research and extension gaps in paddy cultivation in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Heavy metals were removed from CCA- and CCFZ- treated wood using a brown-rot fungi Tyromyces palustris. The amount of effective elements extracted from treated woods was compared for different treatment methods. The relationship between the amount of heavy metals removed and concentrations of oxalic acid for treated wood was examined. Also, the relationship between mycelia weight and removal rate was examined. The removed quantity of heavy metal from treated wood according to fermentation methods was examined. The extraction amount of chromium and arsenic components increased with increasing oxalic acid concentration, but the extraction amount of copper did not improved much. A 287 mg of mycelia weight can remove chromium and arsenic over 60% in 3 g CCA chips and copper was also removed over 50%. The chromium, copper and arsenic were removed over 60% by shaking fermentation, the removal rate of copper by static cultivation was higher than that of shaking fermentation. The removal rate of chromium, copper and arsenic were 72%, 61% and 59% with air-lift bioreactor, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.170-175
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the minimum concentration of citrus juice for basal medium and also to search for an additional carbon source for the best production of the gel. A concentrate of citrus fruit juice of 65$^{\circ}$Brix, it was diluted to be used as a basal medium. Static cultivation of Gluconacetobacter hansenii TL-2C for 14 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$ produced the best gel with 7.5$\pm$0.4 mm thickness in the 6-fold diluted citrus Juice concentrate without any additional nutrient. However, the same thickness could be obtained with 60 to 100-fold diluted juice concentrate when refined white sugar was added at appropriate concentrations. Glucose was the most effective sugar for the both of gel and acid production, and optimal concentration of the sugar was 10$^{\circ}$Brix. Ethyl alcohol at 1.0% had synergistic effects in combination with refined sugar and increased the gel thickness up to 15.1 mm which was 1.85 times thicker than that of refined sugar alone. However, acetic acid was not effective. Gel productivity with supplement of ethanol was 172.6$\pm$8.4 g wet/L, and it was approximately equal to 4.7 g of dry gel/L.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soil is expected to depend on the types of nitrogen fertilizer used. Biochar has recently been proposed as a potential mitigation of climate change by reducing the N2O emission. Although laboratory studies reported that biochar applications could reduce N2O emission, the number of field-based studies is still limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on N2O emission when different nitrogen fertilizers were applied in corn cultivated field. METHODS AND RESULTS: The field experiment consisted of six treatments: urea fertilizer without biochar (U), ammonium sulfate fertilizer without biochar (A), oil cake fertilizer without biochar (O), urea fertilizer with biochar (U+B), ammonium sulfate fertilizer with biochar (A+B), and oil cake fertilizer with biochar (O+B). Biochar was applied at a rate of 10 t/ha. Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured during growing seasons using static vented chambers. The cumulative N2O emissions were 0.99 kg/ha in the U, 1.23 kg/ha in the A, 3.25 kg/ha in the O, 1.19 kg/ha in the U+B, 0.86 kg/ha in the A+B, and 1.55 kg/ha in the O+B. CONCLUSION: It was found that N2O emission was related to application of both nitrogen fertilizer type and biochar. In particular, the N2O reduction effect was the highest in the corn field incorporated with biochar when oil cake was applied to the soil.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 2022

In order to accurately calculate greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural field, Korea has been developing national-specific emission factors through direct measurement of gas fluxes using the closed-chamber method. In the rice paddy, only national-specific emission factors for methane (CH₄) have been developed. It is thus necessary to develop those for nitrous oxide (N₂O) affected by the application of nitrogen fertilizer. However, since the concentration of N₂O emission from rice cultivation is very low, the QA/QC methods such as method detection and practical quantification limits are important. In this study, N₂O emission from a rice paddy was evaluated affected by the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, by taking into account both method detection and practical quantification limits for N₂O concentration. The N₂O emission from a rice paddy soils affected by the nitrogen fertilizer application was estimated in the following order. The method detection limit (MDL) of N₂O concentration was calculated at 95% confidence level based on the pooled standard deviation of concentration data sets using a standard gas with 98 nmol mol^-1 N₂O 10 times for 3 days. The practical quantification limit (PQL) of the N₂O concentration is estimated by multiplying 10 to the pooled standard deviation. For the N₂O flux data measured during the rice cultivation period in 2021, the MDL and PQL of N₂O concentration were 18 nmol mol^-1 and 87 nmol mol^-1, respectively. The measured values above the PQL were merely about 12% of the total data. The cumulative N₂O emission estimated based on the MDL and PQL was higher than the cumulative emission without nitrogen fertilizer application. This research would contribute to improving the reliability in quantification of the N₂O flux data for accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and uncertainties.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.68
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• pp.379-408
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• 2017

What I wish to show in this paper is the moral educational implication on "The Minor Annotations of Elementary Learning(小學枝言)" in a position to consider the alternatives about personality education problems by searching viewpoints on moral training theory on the book. "The Minor Annotations of Elementary Learning(小學枝言)" was written by Dasan Jeong-yakyong(茶山 丁若鏞, 1762-1836). In the oriental philosophy, a moral training theory is built on the base of human nature theory. Dasan's moral training theory was also built on his human nature theory. Undoubtedly we could consider that his difference from the moral training theory of Confucianism is reflected in his moral training theory putting stress on practice. Dasan criticized the moral training theory of Confucianism because of its static aspect contemplating mind internally. He stands on the position that the virtue can be come true by the concrete practice. The establishment ground of Dasan's moral training theory is on his theory of human nature's preference(性嗜好說). Dasan didn't consider benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom(仁義禮智) as human nature. He considered that the human nature prefers goodness. So there is no perfect human nature or principle originally to human beings but also directionality to be displayed. We can say that the virtue building by cultivation of directionality get connected to moral training theory. Dasan considered ?The Minor Annotations of Elementary Learning(小學枝言)? as a practice book for moral training which develops individuals' personality through practice in the reality. He thought that the book cause individuals to follow 'the elementary way(小道)' and to learn 'the elementary art(小藝)' more than academic pursuit. From this viewpoint he showed the practice(行事) of judgment(權衡) by keeping the attitude for the scripture interpretation to pursue the right principles(義理) based on Chinese exegetics(訓?) and the historical evidences(考證) through the whole book. And in the book he suggested the standard of the whole-person education to develop the human nature based on his theory of human nature's preference(性嗜好說), to cognize relationship as an ethical existence, and to pursue the harmony with graphonomy(字學) and Ethics(道學). So we can regard that he realized his practice centered moral education philosophy in the book.