• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument on pattern identification for insomnia (PIT-Insomnia) and verify the correlation between PIT-Insomnia and psychological tests. Methods: Two evaluators examined the pattern identification of the participants who met insomnia disorder diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and took the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score over 15 once manually and twice using the PIT-Insomnia to measure the inter-rater and test-retest reliability. We also conducted the following surveys: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Korean version of Beck's depression inventory (K-BDI), the Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-K), the Korean Symptom checklist-95 (KSCL-95), and the EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D), to measure concurrent validity and correlation between the PTI-Insomnia and psychological tests. Results: 1. The test-retest reliability analysis of the pattern identification results showed moderate agreement, and test-retest reliability analysis of each pattern identification score showed agreements from poor to moderate. 2. The inter-rater reliability analysis of the pattern identification results via manual showed slight agreement, when analysis was performed with calibration, the inter-rater reliability analysis of the pattern identification results via manual showed fair agreement. 3. The concordance analysis between results via manual and the PIT-Insomnia showed poor agreement, when the analysis was performed with calibration, concordance analysis showed fair agreement. 4. The concordance analysis between the PIT-Insomnia and the PSQI showed positive linear correlation. 5. The concordance analysis between the PIT-Insomnia and the PSQI, K-BDI, STAI-K, KSCL-95, and EQ-5D showed that non-interaction between the heart and kidney have positive linear correlation with the K-BDI, anxiety item of KSCL-95, dual deficiency of the heart-spleen have positive linear correlation with somatization item of KSCL-95, paranoia item of KSCL-95, heart deficiency with timidity have positive linear correlation with stress vulnerability item of KSCL-95, parania item of KSCL-95, phlegm-fire harassing the heart have positive linear correlation with K-BDI, paranoia item of KSCL-95, depressed liver qi transforming into fire have positive linear correlation with the anxiety item of KSCL-95, parania item of KSCL-95, all pattern identification have negative linear correlation with EQ-5D. Conclusions: The PIT-Insomnia has moderate agreement of reliability and reflects the severity of insomnia since it has some concurrent validity with the PSQI. There are some correlations between the PTI-Insomnia with specific psychological tests, so we could suggest it can be used appropriately in the clinical situation.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.67-106
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• 2017

이 논문은 중국에서 중국어로 집필된 한국문학사 가운데 조선족 학자인 이암(李岩)(외)의 "조선문학통사"(2010)와 한족 학자인 위욱승(韋旭昇)의 "조선문학사"(1988, 2008)의 서술시각을 남북한문학사와 비교하여 그 특징을 밝히고자 하였다. 주요 검토 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조동일의 "한국문학통사"와 북한 15권본에서는 시대구분 방식, 장르의 개념, 개별 작품에 대해 논의를 세밀하게 전개하면서 이를 문학사 서술에서 적극 활용한 바 있다. 그러나 위욱승(韋旭昇)과 이암(李岩)의 한국문학사에서는 남북한의 이러한 이론적 논의 과정에 거의 주목하지 않았다. 이암(李岩)의 "조선문학통사"는 2010년에 출간되었고, 위욱승(韋旭昇)의 "조선문학사"는 1986년 초판을, 2000년과 2008년에 개정판을 출간했다. 두 문학사의 출간 시점으로 보면, 한국쪽에서 이루어진 여러 논의들을 참조하는 것이 당연한 일일 터인데 그렇지 못하다. 자국문학사의 서술 전통에 더 많은 영향을 받았기 때문이라 생각된다. 둘째, 두 텍스트는 정치 사회 경제 문화 등 문학 외부적 요인을 중시하며 각 시대마다 '개술'에서 이를 따로 언급하고 있고, 본문에서도 인민성 현실성 민족성 등 '정치 표준'에 의거한 평가가 중시된다. 이는 사회주의 체제에서의 문학사 서술에서 자주 쓰이는 방식이며, 북한 15권본도 비슷한 형식을 보인다. 셋째, 두 문학사는 중국학자가 쓴 한국문학사이기 때문에 중국문학과 한국문학의 연관성에 주목하는 부분이 많다. 하지만 소품(小品) 낙부(樂府) 우언(寓言) 설창(說唱) 사전(史傳) 등 장르 용어는 중국문학 용어를 많이 활용하였다. 그러나 중국에서 사용되는 이러한 장르 용어로 한국문학을 설명할 때, 본래의 의미와 변화된 의미 사이의 차이를 세밀하게 검토하지 않은 경우가 많았다. 향후 작업에서 반드시 고려되어야 할 점이라 생각한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.119-141
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• 2000

The current industrial health service is shifting to health improvement business with 1st primary prevention-focused service from secondary and tertiary prevention-focused business, and Oriental medicine can provide such primary prevention-focused service due to the characteristics of its science. In particular, the advanced concept of health improvement can match the science of health care of Oriental medicine. Notably, what is most important in health improvement is our lifestyle, This does not underestimate the socio-environmental factors, which have lessened their importance due to modernism. The approach of Oriental medicine weighs more individuals' lifestyle and health care through self-cultivation. This matches the new model of advanced health business. Oriental medicine is less systemized than Western medicine, but it can provide ample contents that enhance health. If we conceive health-improvement program based on the advantages provided by these two medical systems, this will influence workers to the benefit of their health. Also, health Program needs to define factors that determine individual lives, and to provide information and technologies essential to our lives. The Oriental medicine approach puts more stress on a subject's capabilities than it does on the effect his surrounding environment can have. This needs to be supported theoretically by not only defining the relations between an individual's health state and his lifestyle, but also identifying the degree to which an individual in the industrial work place practices health improvement lifestyle . This is the first step toward initiating health-improvement business . In order to do this, this researcher conducted a survey by taking random samplings from workers, and can draw the following conclusions from it. 1 The sampled group is categorized into', by sender, female 6.6%, and male 93.4%, with males dominant; by marriage status , unmarried 43.9% and married 55.6%, with both similar percentage, and, by age, below 30, 48.4%, between 30 and 39, 27.4%, between 40 and 49, 18.2%, and over 50, 6.0%. The group further is categorized into; by education, middle school or under 1.7%, high school 30.5%, and junior college or higher 65.8% with high school and higher dominant: and by income, below 1.7 million won 24.2%, below 2.4 million won 14.8%, and above 2.4 million 6.3% Still, the group by job is categorized into collegians with 23.9%, office worker with 10.3%, and professionals with 65.8% , and this group does not include workers engaged in production that are needed for this research, but mostly office workers . 2. The subjects selected for this survey show their degree of practicing health-improvement lifestyle at an average of 2.63, health management pattern at 2.64, and health-related awareness at 2.62 The sub-divisions of health-improvement lifestyle show social emotion (2.87), food (2.66). favorite food (2.59), and leisure activities (2.52), in this order for higher points. It further shows health awareness (2.47) and safety awareness (2.40), lower points than those in health management pattern . 3. In the area of using leisure time for health-improvement, males, older people, married, and people with higher income earn higher marks. And, in the area of food management, the older and married earn higher marks . In the area of favorite food management, females, lower-income bracket, and lower-educated show higher degree of practice , while in the area of social emotion management, the older. married, and higher-income bracket show higher marks. In addition, in the area of health awareness, the older, married, and people with higher-income show higher degree of practice. 4. To look at correlation by overall and divisional health-improvement practice degree , this researcher has analyzed the data using Person's correlation coefficient. The lifestyle shows significant correlation with its six sub-divisions, and use of leisure time, food, and health awareness all show significant correlation with their sub-divisions. And. the social emotion and safety awareness show significant correlation with all sub-divisions except favorite food management.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.161-178
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• 1998

In spite of the great progress of the theory and skill of the Nursing Care & Medical area in relation to pregnancy, nurses in clinics face up to many challenges in maternity nursing care areas. The reason is that the mobility and mortality of mothers was sharply decreased and the unknown high-risk diseases of pregnancy woman in the past is made public. That's why it is difficult to meet the pregnancy woman in natural process from pregnancy to delivery in recently. Admission rooms are filled with high-risk pregnancy women. As a matter of fact, we have done nursing care into the surface symptoms and diseases of high-risk pregnancy women so far. We have been indifferent to a long period hospitalization, separation from family, and conflict of repeated examination. Therefore, it is widely spread to understand the emotional conflict experienced by high-risk pregnancy women and to need for nursing intervention to bring up about emotional support and the ability of perception in psychological crisis. Although the pregnancy woman judged in high-risk should carry out normal task of pregnancy, she have to be confronted with secondary risk situation. The health of self & fetus threatened by the risk situation could be decreased through care plan, but psychological stress increases. Therefore, the pregnancy brings into non-control state. It is important to ask that what the hospitalized pregnancy women in high-risk think of themselves status. Because misunderstanding or serious anxiety of themselves status put into mother and fetus in danger. And adaptation mode makes all the difference. I would like to consider how nurses could deal with this high-risk circumstances in the position of pregnancy woman on the basis of the above fact. This study uses phenomenological method to suggest the basis material for nurses to do nursing intervention in view of pregnancy woman. Because this method understands the nature of true life of pregnancy woman throughly. The phenomenological method is the sources to describe or explain affluently the process generated in confirmation areas and environment and is the application for readers to understand and recognize clinic reality and then apply this method to reasoning study place or other places. Specifically, the phenomenon study method, one of the phenomenological method, is applied. The use of that method is to describe and generalize the experience in environment exactly. The study of this study is as follows : Among 187 descriptive stamens from 8 study participants are classified into 42 theme cluster at the stage of the first analysis. Those theme is categorized into 8 sub-subjects such as anxiety of uncertainty, foreknowledge about risk circumstance, will power about overcome, unsettled feeling about hospital, relief, optimistic thought, family support, and indifferences. At the last stage of analysis, those things are categorized into 3 subjects. When high-risk pregnancy woman foretell the situation, they feel unsettlement about uncertainty and untrust feeling about hospital. But they are ease with family support and hospital support. On the other hand, they express indifferent 3-way structure response to the situation having will of overcome and exceeding optimistic thought. In those statements, the experience by pregnancy woman shows 3 respect subjects. 1. They are anxious of this situation and are in desperation and don't recognize their role to be carried out 2. They think of this situation as normal process of pregnancy and are not concerned that this can give themselves and fetus fatal damage. 3. The pregnancy women will never confront this situation. This study shows the pregnancy woman has anxiety and optimistic relief about the situation, and ignores and optimistic relief about the situation, and ignores many things. Therefore, nurses in clinic should give pregnancy woman knowledge and information about the high-risk and help them to deal with the situation spontaneously. High-risk pregnancy woman should have the care plan in respect of the right perception. And the nurse know that their support help out pregnancy woman overcome the crisis in this respect of the special nursing intervention.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2014

최근 산업의 발달로 증가하는 도로와 이를 이용하는 차량의 증가로 인한 교통사고가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 교통사고는 운전자과실, 차량결함, 주행도로상태, 자연환경 등의 다양한 불안정 인자들로 인하여 발생한다. 방호울타리의 한 종류인 가드레일은 교통사고 및 이탈을 방지하여 탑승자의 상해와 차량의 파손을 최소로 줄여 차량을 정상주행 시키는 것을 목적으로 한다. 가드레일은 8 tonf 차량이 $15^{\circ}$로 80 km/h의 속도로 가드레일에 충돌하는 시험으로 가드레일의 안정성을 평가하며, 지반은 상대적으로 지지력이 큰 무한평지에서 평가된다. 하지만 국내의 경우 성토사면에 설치된 가드레일은 보호길어깨에 설치되며, 이로 인해 가드레일의 지지력 저하 및 성능저하로 가드레일의 안정성에 문제가 발생할 가능성이 있다. 이러한 가드레일에 대한 기존 연구는 무한평지에 설치된 가드레일 및 차량의 안정성에 대한 연구가 수행되었다. 하지만 차량 충돌 시 가드레일이 설치된 성토사면의 거동에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 차량 충돌 시 성토사면의 거동을 확인하기 위해 유한요소프로그램인 LS-DYNA를 이용하여 성토사면에 설치된 가드레일의 지주 매입깊이를 변화시켜 수치해석을 수행하였다. 그리고 수치해석은 NCAN(National Crash Analysis Center)에서 제공하는 8 tonf 트럭을 이용하여 성토사면에서 가드레일 지주의 매입깊이를 변화시키면서 충돌 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 가드레일 지주의 매입깊이가 증가함에 따라 성토사면의 변위와 응력이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 450 mm 깊이에서 지반지지력이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.278-287
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• 2003

목적: 생존심근 진단에 있어 니트로글리세린 투여 Tc-99m-MIBI 게이트 심근SPECT의 진단성능을 휴식/지연재분포 Tl-201 심근SPECT와 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법: 22명의 관상동맥질환자에서 Tl-201 휴식/디피리다몰 부하 Tc-99m-MIBI 게이트 지연재분포 Tl-201 심근SPECT를 시행하였다. 이 때 게이트SPECT 시행 후 니트로글리세린 0.6 mg을 설하투여하고 연이어 그 자리에서 게이트SPECT를 1회 더 반복 시행하였다. 환자들에게 관상동맥우회로술을 시행하고 3개월 후 게이트 심근SPECT를 추적검사로 시행하였다. 20 분절 모델을 이용하여 각 분절에서 휴식, 지연재분포, 기저상태와 니트로글리세린투여 후의 심벽운동 및 수축기비후화 등을 정량하였다. 정량화된 생존심근 예측지표들 중, (1) 휴식기 Tl-201 섭취, (2) Tl-201 지연재분포, (3) 기저상태의 수축기비후화, (4) 니트로글리세린 투여 후의 수축 기비후화, 네 가지의 예측성능을 평가하고 비교하였다. 결과: 총 100개의 분절이 분석에 포함되었으며, 이 중 66개(66%)의 분절이 재관류 후 기능 회복을 보였다. 최적 기준점인 50%를 기준으로 하였을 때, ROC 곡선 분석에서 휴식기 Tl-201 섭취와 Tl-201 지연재분포의 민감도, 특이도는 각각 79%와 44%, 그리고 82%와 44%였다. 또한 15%를 기준으로 하여, 기저상태 수축기비후화와 니트로글리세린 투여 후 수축기비후화의 민감도, 특이도는, 각각 49%, 50%와 64%, 65%였다. ROC 곡선의 AUC는 니트로 글리세린 투여 후 수축기비후화가 기저시 수축기비후화에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(p=0.004). 결론: 니트로글리세린 투여 Tc-99m-MIBI 정량적 게이트 심근SPECT는 기능이상 심근에서 기능 회복을 예측하는데 유용한 검사이다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2008

목적: 내경동맥 또는 중대뇌동맥의 죽상 동맥 경화증 환자에서의 두개외강-내강 우회로술(이하 우회로술) 후의 연속적인 혈류 역학적 변화를 $^{99m}Tc$-ECD 아세타졸아마이드 부하 뇌혈류 단일 광자 방출 전산화 단층 촬영(이하 아세타졸아마이드 부하 SPECT)으로 평가하여 중대뇌 동맥의 각 분지별 영역에 대한 우회로술의 혈류역학적 개선효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 전향적 방법으로 최근 3개월 내에 혈관 폐색성 징후가 발생하여 우회로술을 시행받은 환자를 대상으로 수술 전과 수술 1 주 후, 3-6 개월 후에 아세타졸아마이드 부하 SPECT를 시행하였다. 영상 분석을 위해 SPM의 SPECT 표준 뇌에 공간 정규화한 후 Anatomical Automated Labeling으로 중대뇌동맥의 지배를 받는 양측 전두, 측두, 두정 영역에 관심 구역을 설정하여 각 관심 영역별로 뇌혈류 지표(PI; $C_{region}/C_{ipsilateral\;cerebellum}$) 및 뇌혈관 예비능 지표$((PI_{acetazolamide}-PI_{basal})/PI_{basal})$로 정하여 이들 지표의 수술 전후 변화를 평가하였다. 결과한 측에 성공적인 우회로술을 시행한 환자 17 명(남:여=12:5, 나이 $53{\pm}2$세)을 분석하였다. 전체적으로 뇌혈류는 수술 1 주 후 유의하게 증가하나 3-6 개월 후 감소하여 수술 이전의 수준으로 유지되었으며 ($1.01{\pm}0.09{\rightarrow}1.06{\pm}0.09}{\rightarrow}1.02{\pm}0.10,\;p=0.005$) 뇌 혈관 예비능은 수술 1 주 후 유의하게 증가한 이후 유의하지는 않으나, 3-6개월 이후까지 계속 호전되었다($-0.14{\pm}0.05{\rightarrow}-0.07{\pm}0.04{\rightarrow}0.05{\pm}0.05,\;p=0.004$). 각 뇌 영역별로 뇌혈류는 두정 영역에서 수술 직후 증가하였다가($1.12{\pm}0.09{\rightarrow}1.18{\pm}0.09,\;p=0.003$) 수술 3-6개월 이후 감소하여($1.12{\pm}0.09,\;p=0.003$) 수술 이전의 수준으로 유지되었다. 뇌혈관 예비능은 수술 측의 전두 영역($-0.15{\pm}0.07{\rightarrow}0.08{\pm}0.05$), 두정 영역($-0.16{\pm}0.07{\rightarrow}-0.07{\pm}0.05$)에서 모두 수술 직후 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.01) 이후 유의하지는 않으나 3-6개월까지 계속 호전되었다. 결론: 성공적인 우회로술 후 뇌혈류는 전체적으로 유의한 변화가 없었으나 뇌혈관 예비능은 중대뇌동맥 영역 전체에 걸쳐 수술 후 단기간에 유의한 호전을 보였으며 장기간 유지되었다. 따라서 뇌혈관 예비능의 호전여부는 우회로술에 의해 증가된 뇌관류압을 평가할 수 있는 중요한 지표로 생각되며 향후 우회로술에 의한 뇌졸중 재발방지 효과를 알아보기 위해 뇌혈관 예비능의 변화와 예후와의 상관관계에 대한 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-64
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• 2021

전 세계적으로 퍼진 코로나 19 상황은 우리의 일상생활의 많은 부분에 영향을 끼쳤을 뿐만 아니라, 경제·사회 등 많은 부분에 걸쳐 막대한 영향력을 미치고 있다. 확진자와 사망자 수가 증가함에 따라 의료진과 대중은 불안, 우울, 스트레스 등 심리적인 문제를 겪고 있다고 한다. 장기적인 부정적인 감정은 사람들의 면역력을 감소시키고 신체적인 균형을 파괴할 수도 있으므로 코로나 19로 인한 심리적인 상태를 이해하는 것이 필수적인 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 코로나 19 감정과 관련된 뉴스 데이터를 수집하여, 텍스트 마이닝을 통해 키워드를 분류하고, 키워드 사이의 의미 네트워크 분석을 통해 단어들의 관계를 시각화하였다. 코로나 감정과 관련된 기사의 키워드에 나타난 단어들의 빈도수를 확인하고 이를 워드 클라우드로 분석하였다. 키워드 빈도 분석 결과 코로나 19 감정과 관련하여 '중국', '불안', '상황', '마음', '사회', '건강'과 같은 단어의 빈도가 높게 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 각 데이터 간 연결 중심성을 분석한 결과 키워드 중심성 네트워크에서 가장 중심적인 핵심어는 '심리'와 '코로나 19', '블루', '불안'이라는 단어가 높은 연결 중심성을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 기사의 헤드라인에 나타난 주요 핵심어 사이의 동시 출현 빈도 네트워크를 그래프로 시각화한 결과, '코로나-블루' 쌍이 가장 굵게 표시되었고, '코로나-감정', '코로나-불안' 쌍이 비교적 굵은 선으로 표시된 것을 알 수 있었다. 코로나와 관련된 '블루'는 우울증을 의미하는 단어로, 코로나와 우울증은 이제 관심을 가져야 할 키워드임을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 장기화한 코로나 19 상황에서 신체적인 방역뿐만 아니라 심리적인 방역에도 힘써야 할 이 시기에 보건 정책담당자가 빠르고 복잡한 의사결정 과정에 도움이 되고자 미디어 뉴스를 모니터링 함으로써, 더욱더 쉬운 소셜 미디어 네트워크 분석 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제8권
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• pp.89-121
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• 1997

Many of the measures and policies advocated by supply-siders, such as lower taxation, less government intervention, more freedom from restrictive legislation and regulation, and the need for increased productivity can be found in writing the classical economist. Nor is supply-side economics a complete divorcement from Keynesian analysis. In both camps the objectives are the same-high level employment, stable prices and healthy economic growth, the means or suggestions for attaining the objectives, however, differ. Consequently, recommended economic policies and measures are different. keynesians rely primarily on the manipulation of effective demand to increase output and employment and to combat inflation. They assume ample resources to be available in order that supply will respond to demand. The supply-siders emphasize the need to increase savings, investment, productivity and output as a means of increasing income. Supply-siders assume that the increase in income will lead to an increase in effective demand. Keynesians suggest that savings, particularly those not invested, dampen economic activity. Supply-siders hold that savings, or at least an increase in after-tax income, stimulates work effort and provides funds for investment. Perhaps keynesians are guilty of assuming that most savings are not going to be invested, whereas supply-siders may erroneously assume that almost all savings will flow into investment and/ or stimulate work effort. In reality, a middle ground is possible. The supply-siders stress the need to increase supply, but Keynes did not preclude the possibility of increasing economic activity by working through the supply side. According to Keynes' aggregate demand-aggregate supply framework, a decrease in supply will increase output and employment. It must be remembered, however, that Keynes' aggregate supply is really a price. Lowering the price or cost of supply would there by result in higher profit and/ or higher output. This coincides with the viewpoint of supply-siders who want to lower the cost of production via various means for the purpose of increasing supply. Then, too, some of the means, such as tax cuts, tax credits and accelerated depreciation, recommended by suply-siders to increase productivity and output would be favored by Keynesians also as a means of increasing investment, curbing costs, and increasing effective demand. In fact, these very measures were used in the early 1960s in the United State during the years when nagging unemployment was plaguing the economy. Keynesians disagree with the supply-siders' proposals to reduce transfer payments and slow down the process of income redistribution, except in full employment inflationary periods. Keynesians likewise disagree with tax measures that favored business as opposed to individuals and the notion of shifting the base of personal taxation away from income and toward spending. A frequent criticism levied at supply-side economics is that it lacks adequate models and thus far has not been quantified to any great extent. But, it should be remembered that Keynesian economics originally was lacking in models and based on a number of unproved assumptions, such as, the stability of the consumption function with its declining marginal propensity to consume. Just as the economic catastrophe of the great depression of the 1930s paved the way for the application of Keynesian or demand-side policies, perhaps the frustrating and restless conditions of the 1970s and 1980s is an open invitation for the application of supply-side policies. If so, the 1980s and 1990s may prove to be the testing era for the supply-side theories. By the end of 1990s we should have better supply-side models and know much more about the effectiveness of supply-side policies. By that time, also, supply-side thinking may be more crystallized and we will learn whether it is something temporary that will fade away, be widely accepted as the new economics replacing Keynesian demand analysis, or something to be continued but melded or fused with demand management.