• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1643-1652
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• 2021

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to provide a new approach for evaluating feed nutritional value by metabolizable glucose (MG) in piglet diets with different levels of starch and crude fiber. In Exp 1, a regression equation for MG was generated. In Exp 2, the equation was verified, and the optimal growth performance of piglets under appropriate MG levels was tested. Methods: In Exp 1, 20 weaned piglets (7.74±0.81 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments, including the basal diet containing different levels of MG (starch, 25.80%, 31.67%, 45.71%, 49.36%; crude fiber, 1.23%, 1.35%, 1.80%, 1.51%). The piglets were implanted with an ileal fistula, cannulation of the carotid artery, portal vein, and mesenteric artery. The chyme from the ileum fistula and blood samples were collected. In Exp 2, 30 weaned piglets (8.96±0.50 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments, including the experimental diets with different levels of MG (37.6, 132.5, 300.0, 354.3, and 412.5 g/kg). The piglets' BW, and feed consumption were recorded to calculate growth performance during the 28-d experiment. Results: In Exp 1, the MG levels in 4 diets were 239.62, 280.68, 400.79, and 454.35 g/kg. The regression equation for the MG levels and dietary nutrients was: Y (MG) = 12.13×X₁ (starch)+23.18×X₂ (crude fiber)-196.44 (R² = 0.9989, p = 0.033). In Exp 2, treatments with 132.5 and 300.0 g/kg MG significantly (p<0.05) increased average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of weaned piglets, increased digestibility of crude fat, and had no effect on digestibility of crude protein compared to 300.0 to 412.5 g/kg MG. Conclusion: The pig model combining the ileum fistula and cannulation of blood vessels was successfully used to determine the dietary MG levels. The recommended MG level in weaned pig diets is 132.5 to 300.0 g/kg.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.28-37
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• 1987

The changes of various cooking experiment (gelatinization, swelling, texture, water absorbance) and amino acid, fatty acid composition and the effect of digestibility on glucose examination (in vitro) were investigated at various rice during cooking by using milk. The results are summarized as follows. 1) In the effect of various water-to-rice ratios on the degree of absorbance of rice, Rice (using water) always showed higher absorbance than rice. (using milk) optimum water absorbance time were shown to be 40 minute for rice (using water) and 50 minute for rice (using milk). 2) The degree of gelatinization (D.G) by iodine colorimetric method increased proportionally according to the increase of water-to-rice ratio and rice cooking always showed higher D.G than rice milk cooking. When the same D.G rice milk cooking food required 40~50% higher water-to-rice ratios than rice cooking food. 3) Various rice cooking food, the palatability were best food by rice bean milk cooking food. 4) The main Amino acid composition of using milk rice cooked food were Glutenine, Leusine, Asparagine, Valine, Arginin above 42% of the Total Amino acid. The contents of Lysine and Methionine were 476.50mg, 412.16mg in using Milk rice cooking food. 5) Using rice Milk cooking food ana Rice bean Milk cooking food, rice cooking, rice bean cooking in phosphate Buffer, in vitro Enzymatic glucose were carried out in dialysis bag. During 90 minute of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$, reducing sugar were analyzed from dialysate. Starch digestibility measured from human Saliva, Sali a, Pencreatic Amylase treatment was high in Rice Milk cooking food, Rice bean Milk cooking food and rice cooking food and rice bean cooking food but remarkely low.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing enzyme cocktail on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, and monosaccharide concentration in ileum and ceca of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. A total of 600 male broilers (42.26 ± 1.76 g, 0 day old) were used for 35 days of feeding trial consisting of 2 phases (starter phase from d 0 to 21 and finisher phase from d 21 to 35). Four dietary treatments were prepared based on wheat diets containing four levels of enzyme cocktail supplementation at 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 20 g/kg. Overall, dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation decreased feed conversion ratio (linear p = 0.007; quadratic p = 0.013) and improved (linear p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides. The apparent total tract digestibility of DM and gross energy were increased (linear p < 0.01) with increasing supplementation levels of the dietary enzyme cocktail. The concentrations of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and glucose in ileal digesta were linearly increased (p < 0.01) with increasing enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. In addition, the quadratic effect was observed (quadratic p = 0.046) in mannose concentration of ileal digesta. The concentration of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and galactose in cecal digesta was increased (linear p < 0.05) with increasing dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. The supplementation of enzyme cocktail efficiently increased the utilization of nutrients in broiler and there was no adverse effects of high dosage supplementation level.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1700-1708
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein in various feedstuffs including barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), palm kernel meal, sorghum, and soybean meal. Methods: A basal diet was formulated with 94.8% corn and 0.77% amino acids, minerals, and vitamins and test diets replacing corn-basal diets with barley, corn DDGS, sorghum, soybean meal, or wheat (50%, respectively) and copra meal or palm kernel meal (30%, respectively). The basal diet and test diets were evaluated by using triplicated or quadruplicated 2×2 Latin square designs consisting of 2 diets and 2 periods with a total of 54 barrows at 20.6±0.6 kg (9 wk of age). Dietary treatments were levels of β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 800 U/kg of feed). Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 4-d adaptation period. The ME and ATTD of crude protein (CP) in feedstuffs were calculated by a difference procedure. Data were analyzed using Proc general linear model of SAS. Results: Supplementation of β-mannanase improved (p<0.05) ME of barley (10.4%), palm kernel meal (12.4%), sorghum (6.0%), and soybean meal (2.9%) fed to growing pigs. Supplementation of β-mannanase increased (p<0.05) ATTD of CP in palm kernel meal (8.8%) and tended to increase (p = 0.061) ATTD of CP in copra meal (18.0%) fed to growing pigs. Conclusion: This study indicates that various factors such as the structure and the amount of β-mannans, water binding capacity, and the level of resistant starch vary among feedstuffs and the efficacy of supplemental β-mannanase may be influenced by these factors.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.127-137
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• 2024

This study was conducted to investigate effect of corn flake and corn ground on nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics of rumen in Hanwoo. The animals used were three Hanwoo cows implanted with ruminal fistula. Corn were categorized in 2 groups based on the corn processing method: Ground and Flake. The rumen digestibility of dry matter, starch, nitrogen free extract and non fiber carbohydrates were increased in flake compared to ground from 3 to 24 hours of incubation(P<0.05). The pH of rumen was lower in the flaked treatment than ground treatment at 3 hours after incubation, but average pH was no significantly difference between treatments. The average acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were significantly increased in the flaked treatments compared to the ground treatment (P<0.05). Thus, flake processing can improve the carbohydrate availability of corn in the rumen and increase feed value.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 1988

This study was done to determine the effects of coix on the content of cholesterol. lipids, phosphoilpids, total bile acids in liver, plasma, and feces of rats fed containing 1% cholesterol. Four groups of experimental diets, such as soybean oil-starch diet, soybean oil-coix diet, lard-starch diet, lard-coix diet were fed ad libitum to the 6 weeks old white male rat of Spargue-Dawley strain for 27 days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Plasma cholesterol level of the lard-starch group was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05), and that of the lard-coix group was the lowest. The content of plasma triglyceride, total bile acids was not different among the lard-starch group was significantly higher than the other groups(p<0.05). 2) The contents of the liver lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides of the lard-coix group were significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05). The contents of phospholipid of the liver of the lard-starch group was significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05), and those of the soybean oil-coix group and the lard-coix group were high. 3) The contents of intestinal lipids, triglyceride, and phospholipid of the lard-coix group were significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05). The contents of the intestinal tissue cholesterol of the lard-coix group was significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.05). 4) Cholesterol content of the feces was not different among the experimental groups. Triglyceride content of the feces of the soybean oil-starch group was significantly higher than the other groups, but total bile acid content of the feces was not different among the experimental groups. 5) Dry matter digestibility was not different among the experimental groups, but cholesterol retention was rather low when soybean oil-diet was fed. The results of this study reveales that coix has an effect to lower the plasma cholesterol level. Coix were decreased the content of liver cholesterol, increased the contend of liver phospholipid, and induced triglyceride excretion of the feces in the lard diet which lead to hypercholesterolemia. It could be suggested that the coix has influesced liped metabolsim in body.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.855-860
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• 2009

Physicochemical properties of starches isolated from 3 new potato cultivars developed by Potato Valley Ltd. were investigated and compared to those of starch isolated from 'Superior' being distributed prominently in Korea. Significant differences were observed in physicochemical properties such as granule size, amylose content, phosphorus content, water binding capacity, swelling power, solubility, and in vitro digestibility of starches from different potato cultivars. Thermal properties were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and onset gelatinization temperatire ($T_o$), peak temperature ($T_p$), and enthalpies of gelatinization (${\triangle}H$) of different potato cultivars ranged as $58.0{\pm}0.3-61.7{\pm}0.4^{\circ}C,\;63.7{\pm}0.2-$ $66.5{\pm}0.0^{\circ}C$, and $15.6{\pm}0.5-17.0{\pm}0.3$ J/g, respectively. Pasting properties were evaluated using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA), and pasting temperature, peak viscosity, and final viscosity of different potato cultivars ranged as $65.0{\pm}0.1-68.9{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$, $8,163.7{\pm}196.3-9,035.7{\pm}6.4$ cp, and $4,397.7{\pm}166.7-7,025.0{\pm}271.3$ cp, respectively. Especially, 'Gogu valley' starch showed the highest values in the amylose and phosphorus content among tested potato cultivars and higher water binding capacity, swelling power, and solubility than those of other tested starches. And it also showed high pasting temperature, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity as compared to other tested starches.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1386-1398
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• 2010

Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1020-1024
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• 2003

Five barrows (average initial body weight 58.6 kg) were used to determine the apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids, DM, N and energy in various soybean meal, rapeseed meal and coconut meal in finishing pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) KSBM (Korean soybean meal), 2) CSBM (Chinese soybean meal), 3) ASBM (Argentine soybean meal), 4) RSM (Rapeseed meal), and 5) CNM (Coconut meal). The diets were corn starch-based and formulated so that each protein source provided the same amount of total ME (3,490 kcal/kg), CP (15.70%), lysine (1.00%), Ca (0.80%) and P (0.60%). Protein content of the KSBM was higher than the CSBM and ASBM, with all values similar to those expected, and protein content of the CNM was lower than that of the SBM preparation and RSM. Apparent ileal digestibilities of histidine, lysine, threonine, alanine, asparatic acid, cystine, glutamic acid and serine were greater for the KSBM, CSBM, ASBM and RSM than for the CNM (p<0.05). Also, the apparent ileal digestibilities of methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine and tyrosine were greater for the KSBM than for the CSBM, ASBM, RSM and CNM (p<0.05). Overall, the apparent ileal digestibilities of total essential amino acids were greater for the KSBM than for the CSBM, ASBM, RSM and CNM (p<0.05), and the apparent ileal digestibilities of total non essential amino acids were greater for the KSBM, CSBM, ASBM and RSM than for the CNM (p<0.05). No difference (p>0.05) in apparent digestibility of DM at the small intestine was observed among the treatments. However, the apparent digestibility of DM at the total tract was greater for the KSBM than for the CSBM, ASBM, RSM and CNM (p<0.05). Also, apparent digestibilities of N and digestible energy at the small intestine and total tract were greater for the KSBM than for the RSM and CNM (p<0.05). In conclusion, nutrient digestibility values of SBM preparations and RSM were relatively high compared to CNM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1456-1463
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• 2011

A total of 629 Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White crossbred pigs were utilized in three experiments (Exp. 1, 222 pigs weighing $25.6{\pm}2.0\;kg$ BW; Exp. 2, 216 pigs weighing 5$6.2{\pm}4.3\;kg$ BW; Exp. 3, 191 pigs weighing $86.4{\pm}4.6\;kg$ BW) conducted to determine the effects of fermented potato pulp on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and plasma parameters in growingfinishing pigs. Each experiment lasted 28 d. The pigs were assigned to one of two corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0 or 5% fermented potato pulp. The inclusion of fermented potato pulp increased weight gain (p<0.05) in experiments 1 and 2 and increased feed intake (p<0.05) in experiment 2. Feed conversion was improved (p<0.05) in experiment 2 and showed a tendency to improve (p<0.10) in experiments 1 and 3 when pigs were fed fermented potato pulp. Fermented potato pulp increased (p<0.05) dry matter digestibility in experiments 1 and 3 and energy digestibility in experiment 2. Feeding fermented potato pulp decreased plasma urea nitrogen (p<0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (p<0.05) in experiments 1 and 2, while plasma aspartate aminotransferase was decreased (p<0.05) in experiment 3. Dietary fermented potato pulp did not affect the carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Feeding fermented potato pulp reduced (p<0.05) fecal ammonia concentration in all three experiments. In conclusion, feeding growing-finishing pigs diets containing 5% fermented potato pulp improved weight gain and feed conversion without any detrimental effects on carcass traits. The improvements in pig performance appeared to be mediated by improvements in nutrient digestibility.