• 보존과학연구
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• 통권29호
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• pp.5-18
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• 2008

Hanji among paper, which is material for support of the organic artifact such as painting and Thangkas, is given as much importance as the original material in the conservation treatment of artifacts. This lining paper can go through physical and chemical deterioration due to its organic nature, and inflict serious damage to the original materials of the artifact. There is a lot of difficulty in keeping continuous production of the paper mulberry fiber based on lining paper due to a short supply of raw material and discontinuation of traditional method. Also restoration and conservation treatment is done by relying only on the knowledge and skill of few experts without any recognized manual based on scientific analysis. In this study, we evaluated the stability of lining paper which is used to support organic artifact. As the result of experiments, this lining paper was made from mulberry tree in Korea and produced by means of oebal method, but was not treated by starch in its surface.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2008

The annals of Joseon Dynasty is the most valuable resource containing the record of Korean history and has been known as one of the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. In some period, wax-treated paper was used in the annals of Joseon Dynasty to prevent the damage from pests. But, wax-treated volumes were discolored to brown, white or black, and partially cracked by the stiffened wax. It means that wax-treated volumes were damaged by the hardening and oxidizing of wax. The wax is considered as the first reason in damages on the wax-treated volume. Therefore, in this study we analysed the oxidation index of Korea traditional paper(Hanji) which is used as the restoration paper of the waxed volume in the annals of Joseon Dynasty by using FT-IR. As the analysis of FT-IR, the traditional two-layed stamping paper (Hanji sample F), which was treated by starch in its surface, was shown the most stable state after the accelerated ageing test.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2000

청동방아벌레((Selatosomus puncticollis Motschulsky) 유충에 의한 50종 감자(Solanum tuberosum L.) 품종의 피해정도를 검정한 전보의 결과를 바탕으로, 10개 품종(수미, 조풍, 남작, 대서, 대지, 세풍, 남서, Anco, Bintje, Denali)의 괴경피해율과 피해도를 포장과 실내에서 검정하였다. 또한 품종별 피해도 차이에 대한 원인을 구명하고자 괴경에 함유된 여러 가지 성분들(glycoalkaloids, 당, 전분, 전질소, Ca, K, Mg)의 함량을 측정하였다. 청동방아벌레 유충에 대한 10개 품종의 포장 피해괴경율은 19~72%로 높았다. 실내검정 결과 청동방아벌레 유충에 의한 피해구멍수는 남서 품종에서 많았으나, 수미, 대서, Anco, Bintje, Denali 품종은 상대적으로 적었다. 또한 방아벌레 유충에 대한 $\alpha$-chaconine, $\alpha$-solanine, $\alpha$-tomatine의 활성을 실내에서 검정한 결과, 2,500 ppm 농도에서 어떠한 활성도 관찰되지 않았다. 괴경의 glycoalkaloids 함량은 품종별로 차이가 많았는데, 수미품종은 18.83 mg%로 가장 많이 함유하였으나, 남작 품종은 6.39%로 가장 적었다. 괴경중 화원당과 총당 함량은 남서 품종에서 각각 0.71%와 2.95%였으나, 대지 품종은 0.26%와 1.77%였다. 전분 함량은 대지, 남작, Bintje 품종이 많았던 반면 조풍과 세풍 품종에서는 적었다. 괴경중 전질소, K를 가장 많이 함유한 품종은 Anco 품종이었고, Ca는 대서 품종에 Mg는 조풍 품종에 가장 많았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 품종별 해충의 피해도와 저항성 관련 요인들간의 상관성을 분석한 결과, 청동방아벌레 유충에 의한 피해는 괴경중 전질소 함량과는 부의 상과(r=-0.71435*)이었으나, 괴경중 총당 함량과는 정의 상관(r=0.78018*)을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 해충종합방제 프로그램을 확립하고 또한 새로운 내충성 품종의 육성에 기초자료가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1996

Oxyfluorfen 내성(耐性) 및 감수성(感受性) 벼품종(品種)들과 감수성(感受性)인 피에 대하여 oxyfluorfen 처리에 따른 잎 표면구조(表面構造) 및 해부(解剖) 특성(特性)과 미세구조(微細構造) 반응(反應)을 관찰하였으며, 유이제초제(類似除草劑)에 대한 해부학적(解剖學的) 변화를 비교 관찰하였다. 1. 내성(耐性) 벼품종(品種)들은 oxyfluorfen 처리에 따른 잎 면적(表面)의 구조적(構造的)인 피해를 볼 수 없었으나, 감수성(感受性)인 벼품종(品種)은 납질(蠟質)의 손상이 크고, 감수성(感受性)인 피는 조직이 불규칙하게 붕괴되는 현상까지도 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 감수성(感受性) 벼품종(品種)들과 피에서는 엽신(葉身)의 두께 감소도 컸다. 2. 내성(耐性) 벼품종(品種)들은 oxyfluorfen 처리에 따른 해부학적(解剖學的)인 변화가 적었으나, 감수성(感受性) 벼품종(品種)들과 피에서는 표피세포(表皮細包), 엽육세포(葉肉細包) 및 유관속초세포의 파괴가 컸으며 특히, 처리 후 24시간의 감수성(感受性) 벼품종(品種)에서는 조직이 완전히 붕괴되었다. 3. Oxyfluorfen 처리에 의해 chloroplast 모양의 불규칙성과 chloroplast envelope의 distortion이 전반적으로 관찰되었고, 전분(澱粉)도 감소되는 경향이었으며 이와 같은 구조적(構造的) 손상은 내성(耐性) 벼품종(品種)보다는 감수성(感受性)인 벼품종(品種)과 피에서 더 심했다. 4. Oxyfluorfen과 유사한 제초제(除草劑) 처리에 의하여서도 엽신(葉身)의 두께 감소는 oxyfluorfen > acifluorfen > bifenox > oxadiazon 순으로 크게 나타났으며, 내성(耐性) 벼품종(品種)보다 감수성(感受性) 벼품종(品種)에서 더 커지는 경향이었다. 특히 감수성(感受性) 벼품종(品種)은 oxyfluorfen과 bifenox 처리 후 24시간에 이미 표피세포(表皮細包) 및 유관속초세포 손실 등으로 조직이 상하게 붕괴되는 현상을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.1742-1748
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• 2014

본 연구는 시판용 쌀가루와 제분공정을 달리한 쌀가루들의 품질 특성을 비교한 후 설기떡 제조에 적합한 쌀가루 가공공정을 제안하고자 하였다. 입도분포는 1st roll로 제분한 후 건조하였을 때 $710{\mu}m$ 초과의 쌀가루만을 건식제분기인 pin mill에 적용한 roll & pin에서 $250{\mu}m$ 이하의 작은 입도가 약 48%를 차지하여 CRF(2nd step roll mill)에 비해 높은 비율을 나타내었다. 일반성분은 1단계의 제분만을 거친 1st roll에서 단백질, 지방, 회분 함량이 높았고, CRF와 roll & pin은 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 색도는 작은 입자의 분포 비율이 많은 roll & pin에서 L값이 높았으며, 손상전분, 물결합력은 CRF와 roll & pin이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. RVA 호화특성은 CRF와 roll & pin의 호화개시온도, 최고점도 및 노화 정도를 반영하는 setback 값 또한 1st roll에 비해 낮았다. 또한 위 3가지의 쌀가루(CRF, 1st roll, roll & pin)를 이용하여 제조한 설기떡의 외관 관찰에서 CRF와 roll & pin의 경우 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 1st roll의 경우 거친 내상 및 외상을 확인할 수 있었다. 조직감에서는 roll & pin으로 제조한 쌀가루의 설기떡과 CRF로 제조한 설기떡은 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 정량적 묘사분석 결과 외관, 향, 맛, 질감 및 전반적 기호도에서 roll & pin이 CRF나 1st roll에 비해 높은 값을 나타내었다. 따라서 설기떡의 제조 시 건식제분인 roll & pin으로 제조한 쌀가루가 현재 상용화되어 있는 습식제분법인 2 step roll mill보다 제분공정을 간편화한 우수한 설기떡을 제조할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1612-1612
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• 2001

The production of grain for export and domestic use is one of Australia's most important agricultural industries, and the NIR technique has been used extensively over many years for the routine monitoring of grain quality, particularly moisture and protein content. Because most Australian grain is intended for human food production, the determinants of grain quality for livestock feed, apart from protein, have been largely ignored. However the increasing use of grain for feeding to pigs, poultry, beef cattle and dairy cows has led to an important national research project entitled “Premium Grains for Livestock”. Two of the objectives of this project are to determine the compositional and functional characteristics of grains which influence their nutritional quality for the various classes of livestock, and to adopt rapid and objective analytical tests for these quality criteria. NIR has been used in this project firstly to identify a set of grain samples from a large population of breeders' lines which showed a wide spectral variation, and hence a potentially wide variation in nutritional value. The selected samples were not only subjected to an extensive array of chemical, physical and in vitro analyses, but also were grown out to produce sufficient quantities of grain to feed to animals in vivo studies. Additional grains were also strategically selected from farms in order to include the effect of weather damage, such as rain, drought and frost. In this study to date, NIR calibrations have been derived or attempted, on both ground and whole grains, for in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD), pepsin-cellulase dry matter disappearance, protein, fat, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, starch, in sacco DMD and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion in the lumen and small intestine. Results so far indicate high calibration accuracy for chemical components (SECV 0.3 to 2.6%) and very promising statistics for in vivo DMD (SECV 1.8, $R^2$ 0.93, SD 7.0, range 61.9 to 92.3, n=60). There appears to be some potential for NIR to estimate some in vitro properties, depending upon the accuracy of reference methods and appropriate sample populations. Current work is in progress to extend the range of grains with in vivo DMD values (a very laborious and expensive process) and to increase the robustness of the various NIR calibrations, with the aim of implementing uniform testing procedures for nutritional value of grains throughout Australia.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.504-510
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• 1988

여러 종류의 제분기를 사용하여 건식 (blade hammer, test, micro mill) 및 습식과 건식병용(roller & micro mill)으로 제조한 쌀가루의 이화학적 특성을 조사 하였다. 쌀가루의 입자는 blade, hammer, test, micro mill및 roller & micro mill의 순으로 점차 미세하였으며, 입자가 미세하여 짐에 따라 색의 밝기를 나타내는 L값은 증가한 반면 a값(적색도) 및 b값(황색도)은 감소하였다. 쌀가루의 표면구조를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 입자가 미세하여 짐에 따라 개개의 전분입자의 관찰이 용이하였다. 전분의 손상도. 말토오스 값 및 열수가용성 아밀로오스의 함량은 blade mill이 가장 낮았고 test mill이 가장 높았다. 아밀로그램상 호화개시 온도와 최고점토는 입자가 미세하여 짐에 따라 점차 낮아졌으며, 건식제분한 쌀가루 현탁액의 최고점도는 잔존하는 ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제에 의해 감소경향을 나타내었으나 습식과 건식을 병용한 쌀가루에서는 최고점도의 변화가 없었다. 건식제분의 경우 유리아미노산의 함량은 전분의 손상도가 증가함에 따라 다소 증가하였다. 쌀가루로부터 추출한 냉수가용 ${\alpha}-D-glucan$의 blue value는 $0.023{\sim}0.029$, 극대흡수파장은 $518{\sim}522nm$정도의 범위를 나타내어 이들 물질은 아밀로펙틴에 유사한 성질을 지니고 있었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.210-216
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• 1999

TREGRO, a computer simulation model of individual tree growth, was applied to estimate ozone ($\textrm{O}_3$) effects on aspen(Populus tremuloides) growth under ambient and 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ of Seoul in 1996. The three highest $\textrm{O}_3$ (Kuui-dong, Ssangmun-dong, Sungsoo-dong) and the two lowest $\textrm{O}_3$ sites (Mapo-dong, Namgajwa-dong) were evaluated. The current ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ did not affect aspen growth compared to simulation without $\textrm{O}_3$. The only effect was 6.6 percent of total assimilated carbonloss at Ssangmun-dong where the level of $\textrm{O}_3$ was greatest among the 21 sites examined. Decrease as much as 50 percent of total carbon gain was calculated at 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ of the three highest sites. The carbon loss by $\textrm{O}_3$ came from biomass of tissues and total nonstructural cabron (TNC) such as starch and sugar. The most sensitive fraction was TNC and the next was root biomass. Foliage mass was not affected by $\textrm{O}_3$. Structural biomass loss was at best 1 to 3 percent at 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ at the two lowest sites. The daily carbon simulation was affected by $\textrm{O}_3$ mainly during Growth Period 4 (Jul. 21-Oct. 26). Correlations between site, dose, and the simulated responses of aspen (tissue biomass, TNC, respiration, and senescence) ranged from -0.703 to -0.973 depending on the plant responses. The ozone effects on poplar in Seoul are not severe currently, but are probably measurable at Ssangmun-dong. However, severe $\textrm{O}_3$ effects on biomass would occur if $\textrm{O}_3$ levels increase to 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ in Seoul. In addition, v could weaken the trees thus increasing susceptibility to pathogens or insects.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 1960

Since the peculiar virus disease of chinese date tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis Rehd.) has been noted in South Korea around 1950, 70% to 80% of the economically important trees have been either completely destroyed or infected with the virus, severe damage has been noted, particularly, across the area ranged from middle east to the middle part of Korea, including Seoul area. Yoon-Koock-Byung in 1958 first reported the disease and descirbed it might be caused by a kinds of yellows. But he did not conform in his paper that the disease is pecisely caused by yellows virus. The authors, hereby intend to identify the true cause of the desease of the chinese data tree by studying the external symptoms of the disease and the internal morphological characteristics of the diseaset plant which shows various abnormalities in contrast to the healthy checks. In view of fact that leaves of the infected plants become yellowish in color similar to the peach yellows, aster yellows, it is likely to be identifiable as the common yellows. Furthermore, the abnormal characteristics observed by the authors are as follow: The floral organs such as petals, sepals, stamens, and pistil turn into vegetative leaves, the leaves on heavily infected plant appear as small sized one and also showing as a common witch's broom like symptom. There are also an occuring of numerous advantitious shoots developed from both of stems and roots. The amount of photosynthetic starch grains increases in parenchymatous cells, necrosis takes place in mesophyll, Particularly, Palisade Parenchyma in the leaves of infected plants are distinguished in contrast to the healthy checks. From the symptoms and the present experimetns described above, the authors are believed that the disease of chinese data tree is not caused by the yellows. It appears the disease is rather similar to the symptoms of sandal spike virus which was noted in India early in this centry. But the host plant of standal disease, Santalum albun L. and the insect vector, Jassus indicus Wal., have never been reported in Korean flora and the founa. The termperature and the otehr environmental factors is quite different Korea and India. Thus the authors believe that the peculiar disease must be an endemic new virus origin in Korea and must be called as "shoot cluster disease of chinese date tree."

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2015

Both low and high temperatures affect plant growth and development at whole plant level, tissue and even cell level through a variety of metabolic changes. Temperature stress is one of frequently occurring problems in greenhouse crops in summer and winter seasons due to the wide-spread year-round cultivation. In the present study, we investigated the extent of the inhibition of growth, macro-element uptake and soluble carbohydrate production, and the effect of extra-supply of minerals as a means of the recovery from temperature damage. Tomato plants were grown five different growth temperatures (15/8, 20/13, 28/21, 33/23 and $36/26^{\circ}C$), and extra-supply of minerals was composed of 1.5- and 2.0-fold stronger than the standard nutrition (1/2 strength of Hoagland's solution). Temperature stress significantly adversely affected tomato growth and mineral uptake, whereas soluble carbohydrate accumulation represented temperature-dependent response, more accumulation at low temperature and more consumption at high temperature. The soluble sugars in leaves and stems were mostly declined with the supply of extra-minerals at low and optimal temperatures, whereas remained unchanged at high temperature. The starch levels also remained unchanged or slightly decreased.