• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.57-70
• /
• 1996

This paper intends to investigate commercial fish and shellfish 25 species (fish 8 species, shellfish 7 species, crustacean 3 species, moluse 4 species and echinodermata) for the distribution of sanitary indicator organisms (total viable counts, coliforms, staphylococci, vibrios, and enterococci) and distributional change of indicator organisms accordion to storage temperature and period. The logarithmic mean of total viable counts for total commercial fish and shellfish 25 species was 5.41$\pm$.026 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfishes, crustacean 6.76$\pm$0.67 CFU/g, shellfish 5.67$\pm$0.56 CFU/g, echinodermata 5.47$\pm$1.50 CFU/g, fish 5.02$\pm$0.38 CFU/g, and mollusc 5.03$\pm$0.65 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of enterococci was 2.36$\pm$0.37 CFU/g, and in accordane with fish and shellfish, crustacean 3.44$\pm$2.12 CFU/g, shellfish 3.87$\pm$0.45 CFU/g, echinodermata 3.38$\pm$0.0 CFU/g, fish 2.16$\pm$0.41 CFU/g and mollusc 0.01$\pm$0.0 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of vibrios was 1.60$\pm$1.59 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfish, crustacean 4.23$\pm$1.11 CFU/g, shellfish 3.58$\pm$0.90 CFU/g, echinodermata 1.64$\pm$0.34 CFU/g, fish 1.79$\pm$0.67 CFU/g and mollusc 1.07$\pm$0.61 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of staphylococci was 1.60$\pm$1.59 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfish, shellfish 0.01$\pm$0.00 CFU/g, echinodermata 3.51$\pm$0.60 CFU/g, fish 1.68$\pm$0.64 CFU/g, crustacean 0.34$\pm$0.33 and mollusc 3.90$\pm$0.11 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of coliformas was 2.52$\pm$0.32 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfish, echinodermata 3.58$\pm$1.89 CFU/g was highest, shellfish 3.25$\pm$0.30 CFU/g, crustacean 3.23$\pm$0.49 CFU/g, fish 2.18$\pm$0.63 CFU/g, peeled shellfish 1.80$\pm$0.51 CFU/g and mollusc 1.55$\pm$0.95 CFU/g. As the results of research of the change of the contaminate indicator microflora in working with storage period at 1$0^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, total viable counts was increased without storage temperature and enterococci were decreased slowly at 1$0^{\circ}C$, but increased at 20 and 3$0^{\circ}C$. Vibrios were decreased slowly at 1$0^{\circ}C$, decreased at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$in 2 days after increased rapidly. Staphylococci were increased promptly without storage temperature in 2 days, then the total viable counts were maintained. Coliforms were increased at 1$0^{\circ}C$ by 7 days, then decreased or maintained after 14 days, changed at 2$0^{\circ}C$ in accordance with fish species in 2 days, then returned to the initial total viable count, and decreased rapidly at 3$0^{\circ}C$ on 2 days. By the way, there were no difference among the species.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 2000

The changes of the microorganism composition after therapeutic radiation for oral cancer patients are not well known and the long-term follow-up data are not reported. To obtain basic data for understanding of pathogenesis and prevention and treatment of dental caries and mucositis occuring after radiation therapy, 7 of the oral cancer patients presented at the Seoul National University Oral & Maxillofacial Department between 1997 and 1998 whose treatment plan included radiation therapy were recruited to investigate the changes in bacterial composition(total aerobic count, Candida, Staphylococci, Lactobacilli, S. mutans, and S. salivarius (mitis, sanguis)) of the saliva before, during, and after radiation therapy. The basic data obtained from this study on identification and composition change of the bacteria in saliva of patients treated with radiation therapy can be used (1) as a reference for deciding on the ideal anti-microbial spectrum of the oral rinsing agent to be used in patients treated with radiation therapy for malignant tumor of the head and neck region. (2) to enhance the understanding of increase of opportunistic infection after immunochemical changes of the saliva and its relation to specific bacterial infection. (3) as a reference in prescribing prophylactic antibiotics in immunodepressed patients after radiation therapy.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.23-27
• /
• 2022

Disposable wet wipes provided by general restaurants in the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province were evaluated for compliance with the labeling requirements and the degree of bacterial contamination set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Of the 32 types of disposable wipes, five types of disposable wipes did not indicate the name and location of the business office of the manufacturer. Only 12 types of wet wipes were marked with the date of manufacture and expiration date. Bacterial contamination was seen in 9 types of wet wipes through bacterial culture but these were absent in the remaining 23 types (71.9%). The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test for the 9 identified strains showed no methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) or multidrug-resistant bacteria. Through this study, it is recommended that the date of manufacture and expiration date must be indicated on the surface of disposable wet wipes designated as hygiene products, and clean uncontaminated wet wipes must comply with storage standards. In addition, the results are expected to contribute to the enhancement and improvement of hygiene management supervision, personal hygiene management, and an improvement in national health.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.46-54
• /
• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the pathogens of bloodstream infection in children with underlying hemato-oncologic diseases, analyze susceptibility patterns, compare temporal trends with those of previous studies, and assess empirical antimicrobial therapy. Methods: Retrospective review study of children bacteremia in hemato-oncologic diseases was conducted at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2013 to July 2023. Results: Overall, 98 episodes of bacteremia were observed in 74 patients. Among pathogens isolated, 57.1% (n=56) were Gram-positive bacteria, 38.8% (n=38) were Gram-negative bacteria, and 4.1% (n=4) were Candida spp. The most common Gram-positive bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=21, 21.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus, (n=14, 14.3%) whereas the most common Gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=16, 16.3%) and Escherichia coli (n=10, 10.2%). The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to penicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin was 11.5%, 32.7%, and 94.2%, respectively and the susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, gentamicin, and amikacin was 68.6%, 80%, 97.1%, 82.9%, and 91.4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected in 1 strain and among Gram-negative strains, extended spectrum β-lactamase accounted for 28.9% (12/38). When analyzing the antibiotic susceptibility and empirical antibiotics, the mismatch rate was 25.5% (n=25). The mortality rate of children within 30 days of bacteremia was 7.1% (n=7). Conclusions: Empirical antibiotic therapy for bacteremia in children with hemato-oncologic diseases should be based on the local antibiogram in each institution and continuous monitoring is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2009

Biofilm has been described as a barrier, which produced by microorganisms to survive and protect themselves against various environments, like antibiotic agents. Staphylococcus spp. is a common cause of nosocomial and environmental infection. Thirty-six and thirty-five Staphylococci were isolated from animals and air, respectively. Based on the biofilm forming ability of the bacterium reported in our previous report, relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic-resistance was investigated in this study. Regarding antibiotics susceptibility, cefazolin was the most effective agent to the bacteria. Strong biofilm-forming Staphylococcus spp. isolates might have a higher antibiotic resistance than weak biofilm isolates regardless of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (p < 0.05). This result suggested that the chemical complexity of the biofilm might increase the antibiotic resistance due to the decrease of antibiotic diffusion into cells through the extensive matrix.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.570-574
• /
• 2003

This study investigate the effects of starter cultures on the color stability of Chinese-style sausage. The samples were inoculated with $10^7cfu\;g^{-1}$ meat of either Staphylococcus carnosus or Staphylococcus xylosus. After mixing, curing at either $4^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 h and then drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 5 h, the samples were then either vacuum packed or hung at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ (85% R. H.). The pH, nitrite content, nitrosyl pigment content, metmyoglobin and L-, a-, b- values were measured. The pH value still remained above 6.0 during storage. Nitrite residue of all samples decreased after storage at $25^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The samples inoculated with S. carnosus and S. xylosus had higher nitrite content (20.9-34.7 ppm) than the control (p<0.05). Samples inoculated with S. carnosus and S. xylosus had higher nitrosyl pigment content and lower metmyoglobin content than those of the control. The L- and b- values of all samples decreased but the a- values increased with storage time. The result suggested that S. carnosus and S. xylosus starter cultures be used to improve color stability of Chinese-style sausage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.204-207
• /
• 2006

A total of 398 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (99), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (99), enterococci (100), Streptococcus pyogenes (18) and Streptococcus agalatiae (82) were in Korean tertiary hospital from Dec. 2004 to Mar, 2005. When minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), phenotypes and genotypes were determined, 70% of S. aureus, 65.7% of CNS, 78% of enterococci and 37.8% of S. agalatiae were resistant to erythromycin and 95.7% of erythromycin-resistant (EMR) S. aureus, 92.3% of EMR CNS and all of EMR enterococci and S. agalatiae had erm of the methylase gene or msr(A) of the efflux gene.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.61 no.5
• /
• pp.608-617
• /
• 2018

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the rates, types, and risk factors of surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal surgery using data from a Korean SSI surveillance system that included diagnoses made by surgeons. Methods : This was a prospective observational study of patients who underwent spinal surgeries at 42 hospitals in South Korea from January 2017 to December 2017. The procedures included spinal fusion, laminectomy, discectomy, and corpectomy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results : Of the 3080 cases included, 30 showed infection, and the overall SSI rate was 1.0% (an incidence of 1.2% in spinal fusion and 0.6% in laminectomy). Deep incisional infections were the most common type of SSIs (46.7%). Gram-positive bacteria caused 80% of the infections, and coagulase-negative staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, accounted for 58% of the gram-positive bacteria. A longer preoperative hospital stay was significantly associated with the incidence of SSI after both spinal fusion and laminectomy (p=0.013, p<0.001). A combined operation also was associated with SSI after laminectomy (p=0.032). Conclusion : An SSI surveillance system is important for the accurate analysis of SSI. The incidence of SSI after spinal surgery assessed by a national surveillance system was 1.0%. Additional data collection will be needed in future studies to analyze SSI in spinal surgery.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.54 no.9
• /
• pp.363-367
• /
• 2011

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are regularly used in intensive care units, and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) remains a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in preterm infants. Increased survival rate of extremely-low-birth-weight infants can be partly attributed to routine practice of CVC placement. The most common types of CVCs used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) include umbilical venous catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters, and tunneled catheters. CRBSI is defined as a laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (BSI) with either a positive catheter tip culture or a positive blood culture drawn from the CVC. BSIs most frequently result from pathogens such as gram-positive cocci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and sometimes gram-negative organisms. CRBSIs are usually associated with several risk factors, including prolonged catheter placement, femoral access, low birth weight, and young gestational age. Most NICUs have a strategy for catheter insertion and maintenance designed to decrease CRBSIs. Specific interventions slightly differ between NICUs, particularly with regard to the types of disinfectants used for hand hygiene and appropriate skin care for the infant. In conclusion, infection rates can be reduced by the application of strict protocols for the placement and maintenance of CVCs and the education of NICU physicians and nurses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.376-380
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate protein and carbohydrate utilization of Micrococcus varians, Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus. Sensitivity to pH, sodium chloride, potassium sorbate and sodium nitrite of these strains was also determined. In Chinese-style beaker sausage manufacturing, the growth rate of these strains during the curing period ($20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$) was evaluated. The results indicated that no strains could hydrolyze azo-casein and sarcoplasmic protein and only S. xylosus could hydrolyze gelatin at $30^{\circ}C$. All of these strains could oxidize and ferment fructose and mannitol. S. carnosus and S. xylosus could slightly oxidize lactose and utilize citrate. Arabinose was oxidized by S. xylosus and sorbitol was oxidized by S. carnosus. Growth of M. varians was restricted at pH 5.0 and S. carnosus and S. xylosus were restricted at pH 4.5. S. xylosus and S. carnosus were able to grow with 0.1~0.5% potassium sorbate, 50~200 ppm sodium nitrite or 1~15% sodium chloride. S. xylosus had a higher growth rate than the other strains. Staphylococcus species grew well during curing period of Chinese-style beaker sausage then followed by Micrococcaceae.