• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-49
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty and examine the differences and similarities between specialized and general merchandise internet shopping malls concerning the relationships of these key success factors. The structural model is tested with each of the sub-samples(i.e., specialized and general merchandise shopping customers taken separately) and the data from entire data samples(i.e., specialized and general merchandise shopping customers pooled together). The same research model was used in analysing general merchandise, specialized, and integrated internet shopping mall to reveal and compare the casual path constructs. In the analysis of path coefficients composed of separated taken sample, all research hypothesis is accepted and the model's goodness of fit also shows all high. In the basis of the previous empirical test, multiple sample method was used. Properties of the causal paths, including standardized path coefficients, the significance of difference, latent correlations and variance explained for satisfaction, trust and loyalty in the hypothesized model, have similarities in general. This means that the proper structural management concerned with customer satisfaction, trust and loyalty is very crucial for the success of all kinds of internet shopping malls. Following the model test, I conduct a test of integrated model's path coefficients. Statistical results show that all the hypothesis concerned with internet shopping malls were accepted like the separated sample test. Click and mortar companies should clearly understand and articulate the key requirements of shopping mall satisfaction, trust and loyalty and encourage to establish linkage and interactive relationship among the research variables. In addition, internet marketers are required to customize the interaction considering and adapting the patterns of internet shopping malls. Other interesting results concerning the strategies in internet shopping malls strategy are also presented.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.433-437
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to measure circumference of four body parts of each Sasang groups with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and evaluate its usefulness for Sasang type diagnostic test. We obtained the circumference measures of neck (CN), chest (CC), waist (CW), and hip (CH) of 91 college students using BIA and standardized by sex and age. The validity of Sasang group prediction with CC was evaluated. The Tae-Eum group (104.87${\pm}$5.19, 108.47${\pm}$4.96, 116.00${\pm}$9.39, 110.4${\pm}$5.29. neck, chest, waist and hip, respectively) has significantly (p<0.001) bigger circumferences than So-Yang (97.79${\pm}$3.82, 100.02${\pm}$4.21, 101.02${\pm}$7.88, 101.95${\pm}$4.06) and So-Eum (95.63${\pm}$4.67, 96.93${\pm}$4.80, 97.63${\pm}$7.72, 99.86${\pm}$4.40) groups at very four measures. Discriminant functions with CC can be used for Tae-Eum Sasang type diagnostic test with 91.2% of overall Percentage Correctly Predicted (PCP). Tae-Eum type-specific sensitivity was 73.3% and Tae-Eum type-specific specificity was 94.7%. The strength and weakness of measurement and standardization methods for Sasang type diagnostic test, and the methods for the standardization of physical traits with sex and age were discussed. Our study showed distinctive physical features of Tae-Eum type and the usefulness of BIA for the Sasang type diagnosis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.223-231
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to develop and apply a nursing process simulation scenario for cerebral infarction patients using HPS for nursing students. The effects of this simulation were evaluated and compared with the effects of traditional teaching methods. This study was conducted on 3rd grade students at the College of Nursing from December 7 to December 26, 2018. This study examined 38 subjects in the experimental group and 39 in the control group. This research went through the analysis phase, design phase, and development phase for the development and application of the scenario. The confidence, knowledge, and performance before and after the intervention in the experimental and control groups were analyzed using a t-test. This study developed a simulation scenario based on a nursing process for cerebral infarct patients and was designed to infer three nursing diagnoses. Both groups showed significant pre-post scores except for the clinical performance. The experimental group had higher post-score scores and greater difference between the post-test and pre-test. This study is meaningful in that a standardized scenario of nursing process of infarct patients was developed. In addition, the developed scenario shows the possibility of developing teaching and learning methods that can integrate theoretical learning and practice.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.144-152
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• 2019

Learning styles are the methods of gathering, processing, interpreting, organizing the information. VARK learnig inventory is instructional preference classified according to their visual(V), aural(A), read-write(R), and/or kinesthetic(K) sensory modality preferences(SMP). Learner-centered learning is emphasized, but there are few studies on VARK learning styles in Korean medical school. The purposes of this study were to assess the student' SMPs and compare those with gender, status, and academic achievement. The subjects of study were 394 students at C Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine. For the study style test, 16 questions were used in Korean version of VARK test paper© 7.0 developed by Fleming provided on the VARK website. Academic achievement was converted into a standardized score(t score). Frequency analysis, cross analysis, and variance analysis(t-test, ANOVA) were conducted to identify learning style disposition and differences between groups. The uni-modal type was 87(22.1%) and the multimodal was 307(77.9%). Regardless of gender, quasi-modal VARK was the most preferred. There was no significant difference in learning styles by gender. The first grade in medicine was the lowest in uni-modal type(8.8%) and the highest in quasi-modal VARK type(47.8%), while the fourth grade was the highest in uni-modal type(30.7%) and the lowest in quasi-modal VARK type(19.8%) and tri-modal type(19.8%). There was no difference in academic achievement by all learning types(F=1.09, p=0.37). The knowledge about students' learning styles is helpful for instructors to apply more learner-centered teaching strategies in medical education.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate nursing students' awareness of biomedical ethics and attitudes toward death of terminal patients. Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed to examine nursing students' biomedical ethics. Their attitudes toward terminal patients' death were measured by using the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. Surveys were conducted with 660 nursing students enrolled at a three-year college located in Daejeon, Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskall Waills test. Results: Students who have experienced biomedical ethics conflicts, agreed to prohibition of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and have no religion exhibited more negative attitudes toward death compared to students without the above characteristics. Of the participants, 81.2% answered that life sustaining treatment for terminal patients should be discontinued and 76.4% replied that CPR on terminal patients should be prohibited. The majority of the correspondents stated that the two measures above are necessary "for patients' peaceful and dignified death". Conclusion: Study results indicate the need to establish a firm biomedical ethics value to help nursing students form a positive attitude toward death. It also seems necessary to offer students related training before going into clinical practice, if possible. The training program should be developed by considering students' religion, school year, experience with biomedical ethics conflicts and opinion about CPR on terminal patients. The program should also include an opportunity for students to experience terminal patient care in advance via simulation practice on standardized patients.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.59-72
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• 1987

Although long-term runoff analysis is important as much as flood analysis in the design of water works, the technological level of the former is relatively lower than that of the latter. In this respect, the precise estimation model for the volume of successive runoff should he developed as soon as possible. Up to now, in Korea, Gajiyama's formula has been widely used in long-term runoff analysis, which has many problems in applying in real situation. On the other hand, in flood analysis, unit hydrograph method has been exclusively used. Therefore, this study aims at trying to apply unit hydrograph method in long-term runoff analysis for the betterment of its estimation. Four test catchment areas were selected ; Maesan area in Namlum river as a representative area of Han river system, Cheongju area in Musim river as one of Geum river system, Hwasun area in Hwasun river as one of Yongsan river system, and Supyung area in Geum river as one of Nakdong river system. In the analysis of unit hydrograph, seperation of effective rainfall was carried out firstly. Considering that effective rainfall and moisture condition of catchrnent area are inside and outside of a phenomenon respectively and the latter is not considered in the analysis, Initial base flow(qb)was selected as an index of moisture condition. At the same time, basic equation(Eq.7) was established, in which qb can take a role as a parameter in relating between cumulative rainfall(P) and cumulative loss of rainfall(Ld). Based on the above equation, computer program for estimation model of qbwas seperately developed according to the range of qb, Developed model was applied to measured hydrographs and hyetographs for total 10 years in 4 test areas and effective rainfall was estimated. Estimation precision of model was checked as shown in Tab- 6 and Fig.8. In the next stage, based on the estimated effective rainfall(R) and runoff(Qd), a runoff distribution ratio was calculated for each teat area using by computerised least square method and used in making unit hydrographs in each test area. Significance of induced hydrographs was tested by checking the relative errors between estimated and measured runoff volume(Tab-9, 10). According to the results, runoff estimation error by unit hydrograph itself was merely 2 or 3 %, but other 2 or 3 % of error proved to be transferred error in the seperation of effective rainfall. In this study, special attentioning point is that, in spite of different river systems and forest conditions of test areas, standardized unit hydrographs for them have very similar curve shape, which can be explained by having similar catchinent characteristics such as stream length, catchinent area, slope, and vegetation intensity. That fact should be treated as important factor ingeneralization of unit hydrograph method.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2004

Purpose: We intended to research the relations between abdominal temperature and primary dysmenorrhea severity. Methods: We selected the 95 primary dysmenorrhea patients by means of screening test (first screening test-inquiry, second screening test-clinical test, additionally Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR) by Inbody 2.0). We measured 4 points abdominal temperature (Chon-jung(CV17), Chung-wan(CV12), Kwan-won(CV4), Chung-guk(CV3)) by DITI (DOREX Inc., USA). And then we checked the difference of temperature $({\Delta}T)$ between CV17 and CV4 / CV17 and CV3 / CV12 and CV4 / CV12 and CV3. After that, we compared ${\Delta}T$ with primary dysmenorrhea severity evaluated by multidimensional scales (verbal rating scale modified from the one devised by Bibe roglu & Berhrman(VRS; B&B), multidimensional verbal rating scale by Andersch & Milsom(MVRS)). In dysmenorrhea severity, we standardized scale score and 3-group-severity by score (mild, moderate, severe). For statistics, we used Pearson correlations and Spearman's rho correlations, SPSS 11.0 for windows. Results: In case of MVRS, MVRS score and 3-group-severity were not correlated to ${\Delta}T$. In case of VRS; B&B, VRS; B&B score was correlated to ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV4 / CV12 and CV3) and 3-group-severity was correlated to ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3). Statistically they showed significant result (p<0.05). So we can consider that ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3) and the primary dysmenorrhea severity by VRS; B&B are most correlated. Conclusion: The primary dysmenorrhea patients showed that severity by VRS; B&B was connected with ${\Delta}T$ (CV12 and CV3). So we can consider DITI as primary dysmenorrhea evaluation instrument and must further research measurement points for the exact primary dysmenorrhea evaluation by DITI.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.4951-4958
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was availability for the classical test method. The test were called CLSI(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) that was disk diffusion method, the newly designed E-test(made use disk diffusion method) can estimate the MIC and modified broth microdilution method that was standardized. Those tests were observed by MicroScan MicroSTREP plus panel. Target strains were 53 strains of S.pneumoniae and 51 strains of ${\alpha}$-hemolytic streptococci which were separated from the inpatient in university hospital for 6 months from February to August, 2009. The 9 antimicrobial agent of target evaluation were cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, penicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and vancomycin. researched comparative analysis both S.pneumoniae and ${\alpha}$-hemolytic streptococci. The result of the high concordance rates in ${\alpha}$-hemolytic streptococci was recognized formally in clinical microbiology laboratory.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.442-449
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the amount of cuspal deflection and linear polymerization shrinkage in resin composite and polyacid modified resin composite, For cuspal defelction and shrinkage measurement, Dyract AP, Compoglass F, Z100, Surefil. Pyramid, Synergy Compact, Heliomolar and Heliomolar HB were used. For measuring polymerization shrinkage, a custom made linometer (R&B, Daejon, Korea) was used The amount of shrinkage among materials was compared using One-way ANOVA analysis and Tukey's test at the $95\%$ of confidence level For measuring cuspal deflection of teeth, standardized MOD cavities were prepared in extracted maxillary premolars. After a self-etching adhesive was applied, cavities were bulk filled with one of the felling materials. Fifteen teeth were used for each material. Cuspal deflection was measured by a custom made cuspal-deflection measuring device. One-way ANOVA analysis and Tukey's test were used to determine differences between the materials at the $95\%$ of confidence level, Correlation of polymerization shrinkage and cuspal deflection were analyzed by regression analysis. The amount of polymerization shrinkage from least to greatest was Heliomolar, Surefil < Heliomolar HB < Z100, Synergy Compact < Dyract AP < Pyramid, Compoglass F (p<0.05). The amount of cuspal deflection from least to greatest was Z100, Heliomolar, Heliomolar HB, Synergy Compact Surefil < Compoglass F < Pyramid, Dyract AP (p < 0.05). The amount of polymerization shrinkage and cuspal deflection showed a correlation (p<0.001).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.45-56
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• 2012

Objective : This study was done to investigate the correlation between general quality of life(QOL) and disease specific QOL of tinnitus patients. Methods : 2009 National health and nutrition survey(NHNS) data were employed for analyzing the mean estimates of total population and tinnitus sub-group patients, and predicting the regression equation of mapping between EQ-5D and disease severity. Baseline statistical analyses and normality tests were done by using Student t-test, Chi-square test, Shapiro-Wilk test and ladder test. Hierarchial regression analyses were performed using related variables and predicted the optimal regression equations. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5%. Results : Firstly, the standardized prevalence of tinnitus patient in South Korea was 18.69% and over 90th age-group was relatively higher than other groups. Mean value of domestic QOL measured by EQ-5D was estimated as 0.9486 and QOL of tinnitus subgroup(0.9169) was lower than the non-tinnitus subgroup(0.9559), significantly. Stratified by age and sex, QOLs of all sub-groups with tinnitus were lower than without tinnitus sub-groups significantly. Regression equations from 2009 NHNS data were developed using hierarchial regression analysis which is as follows. $$Y_{EQ-5D}=0.9224-0.0079{\times}T1-0.0261{\times}T2-0.0951{\times}T3+\sum_{i=1}^{n}{\beta}_i{\times}X_i\\{\hspace{95}}(0.0106){\hspace{3}}(0.0037){\hspace{30}}(0.0072){\hspace{30}}(0.0038)$$ ($X_i$=Other explanatory variables except Tinnitus QOL1, 2, 3, ${\beta}$= Regression Coefficient of Model 4) Conclusion : We confirmed the correlation among THI and EQ-5D and HUI-III, and developed the inference for regression equation of EQ-5D.