• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.70-74
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• 2003

국민소득의 증가와 수입자유화에 따라 치즈 소비량도 매년 증대되어 1991년 8천 5백톤에서 2001년에는 5만 3천여톤으로 10년간 6배 이상의 소비증대를 나타내었으며, 같은 기간 신선한 치즈(H.S. 0406.10.1000)의 수입량도 2톤, 3만 달러에서 2만톤, 4천 9백만 달러로 양으로는 만 배, 금액으로는 1,600여배 증가하였다. 또한, 가공 치즈에 있어서도 1991년 4,790톤에서 2001년 24,973톤으로 5.2배의 소비증가를 나타내었으나 성분규격 및 분류체계는 적절하지 못하게 규정되어 있다. 자연치즈의 경우 정의에 따라 총고형분이 유고형분과 차이가 없을 것으로 생각되며, 한 종의 연성치즈를 제외하고는 모두 규격을 만족시켰으나 유고형분 함량에 따라 '생치즈'와 '연성치즈'가 구별되지는 않았다. 따라서, CODEX의 규정을 참조하여 지방을 제외한 성분중 수분함량(MFFB)에 따라 초경질, 경질, 반경질, 연질로 구분하는 것이 치즈의 조직적 특성을 고려할 때 적절하리라 생각되며, 건물중 지방함량에 따라 60% 이상을 '고지방', 25∼60%를 '중지방', 25% 이하를 '저지방'으로 분류하는 것이 바람직하리라 생각된다. 가공치즈는 소비자의 기호에 따라 다양한 제품이 개발되고 있으며 앞으로도 더욱 소비확대가 기대되는 제품으로서, 유고형분 15∼34% 제품을 '치즈가공품'으로 분류하여 규정하는 것이 가공치즈의 개발 및 소비촉진을 위해 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2005

A standard $1\%$ w/v solution of CM-chitosan made from squid pen was added to milk at levels of $0.5\sim3\%$ (v/v) to improve the yield and rheological properties of cottage cheese by whey protein retention. Cheese curd did not form at levels higher than $3\%$ (v/v) CM-chitosan standard solution. Yield and total protein of cottage cheese increased up to $2\%\;by\;11\;to\;42\%\;and\;17\;to\;38\%$ respectively, compared to control cheese. Whey protein losses were decreased by 11 to $42\%$ and thus accounted for all of the increase in yield. Anomalous results were obtained at the $0.8\%$ level, which neither improved yield or whey protein retention nor stabilized rheological parameters, and at the $0.5\%$ level, which improved yield and total protein without increasing whey protein retention. Elasticity and cohesiveness of CM-chitosan-containing cheese were generally improved and stabilized during storage. Monitoring of cheese chromaticity values for four weeks revealed a delay in the onset of yellowing in cheeses with CM-chitosan compared to the controls, while the concentration of added CM-chitosan had little influence on cheese chromaticity. The addition of CM-chitosan solution could be applied directly to industrial scale cottage cheese-making without the need for any modification of the production process.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2016

In milk and milk products, a number of organic acids naturally occur. We investigated the contents of some naturally occurred food preservatives (sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, nitrite, and nitrate) contained in domestic and imported cheeses to establish the standard for the allowable range of food preservatives content in cheese. 8 kinds of domestic precheeses (n=104), 16 kinds of domestic cured cheeses (n=204) and 40 kinds of imported cheeses (n=74) were collected. Each domestic cheese was aged for a suitable number of months and stored for 2 mon at 5℃ and 10℃. No preservatives were detected in domestic soft and fresh cheeses, except cream cheese. In case of semi-hard cheeses, 2-5 mg/kg of benzoic acid was detected after 1-2 mon of aging. In imported cheeses, only benzoic acid and propionic acid were detected. The average benzoic acid and propionic acid contents in semi-hard cheese were 8.73 mg/kg and 18.78 mg/kg, respectively. Specifically, 1.16 mg/kg and 6.80 mg/kg of benzoic acid and propionic acid, respectively, were contained in soft cheese, 3.27 mg/kg and 2.84 mg/kg, respectively, in fresh cheese, 1.87 mg/kg and not detected, respectively, in hard cheese, and 2.07 mg/kg and 182.26 mg/kg, respectively, in blended processed cheese.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system to improve microbial safety of sliced cheese. The atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) effect on visual appearance and a sensory evaluation were also carried out. The number of Escherichia coli inoculated on cheese slices decreased by 0.09, 0.47, 1.16 and 1.47 log cycles with helium (4 liters/min [lpm]) and 0.05, 0.87, 1.89 and 1.98 log cycles with He/$O_2$ mixture (4 lpm/15 standard cubic centimeters per minute), after being treated with plasma for 1, 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively. Significant reductions were also observed in Staphylococcus aureus inoculated onto cheese slices ranging from 0.05 to 0.45 log cycles with He and from 0.08 to 0.91 log cycles with He/$O_2$-treated samples, respectively. Adding oxygen resulted in a significant increase in inactivation of both pathogens. No visible change in the plasma-treated cheese slices was observed even though the instrumental analysis showed a significant decrease in the $L^*$-value and an increase in the $b^*$-value. The cheese slices were damaged after 10 and 15 min of plasma treatment. In addition, significant reductions in sensory quality including flavor, odor, and acceptability of plasma-treated cheese slices were observed. The results indicate that the DBD plasma system has potential for use in sanitizing food products, although the effect was limited. Further development of the APP system is necessary for industrial use.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.640-645
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• 2013

본 연구는 발효과정 중 생성되는 발효유제품의 안식향산을 조사함으로써 축산식품관리 정책의 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 실시하였다. 축산물의 가공기준 및 성분규격의 축산물 시험법 중 전처리 방법인 Sep-Pak을 이용한 분석방법과 자동증류장치를 이용한 분석방법 중 1개를 택일하기 위하여 유제품의 회수율을 측정한 결과 커다란 차이가 없음에 따라 전처리 시간이 짧은 Sep-Pak을 이용한 분석방법을 선정하였다. Sep-Pak법의 유효성 검증으로 안식향산의 검량선은 $R^2$ = 0.999로 양호한 직선성을 나타냈으며, 검출한계는 0.058 mg/kg, 정량한계는 0.176 mg/kg을 보였다. 완제품에서 검출된 발효유를 대상으로 공정 단계별로 안식향산을 분석한 결과 스타터를 첨가한 이후 단계에서 2.28-10.48 mg/kg 수준이었고 첨가제(시럽)에서는 검출되지 않았으며, 시중 유통 중인 발효유는 0-16.5 mg/kg으로 나타났다. 치즈의 경우 카멤베르 치즈는 커드형성 후, 가공치즈는 원료치즈에서 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났고, 시중 유통 중인 자연치즈는 0-4.2 mg/kg, 가공치즈는 0-20.8 mg/kg으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 원료, 제조과정 중 및 완제품 전과정에서 발생될 수 있는 자연유래 안식향산을 일관성 있고 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2000

Glycomacropeptide(GMP) was purified from cheese whey which is obtaining as a byproduct in cheese producing. Cheese whey was first concentrated 10 times with a ultrafiltration aparratus, and then heated at 95℃ for 5 min. The concentrated fraction was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 30 min to remove fat layer. The supernatant layer enriched GMP protein was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. GMP was bound to DEAE resin and eluted with 0.1∼0.25 M NaCl when using a linear NaCl gradient from 0 M to 0.5 M. The purified GMP gave a single band of 24 kDa which seems to be trimer molecular weight in SDS-PAGE, and migrated to the same molecular weight with control GMP obtained commercially. Its amino acid composition were consistent with that of standard GMP. About 0.71 g of GMP was recovered from 1 L of cheese whey. These results indicate that glycomacropeptide could be simply purified from cheese whey by using ultrafiltration and DEAE column chromatography. 본 연구에서는 치즈 제조시의 부산물인 치즈 유청으로부터 glycomacropeptide(GMP)를 정제하려고 하였다. 치즈 유청을 한외여과 장치를 이용하여 10배로 농축하여 공시시료로 하였고, 95℃에서 5분간 가열한 후 20,000rpm에서 30분간 원심분리하였다. 원심분리 후 혼입된 지방층을 제거하였고, GMP를 포함하고 있는 상청액은 DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow 크로마토그래피 칼럼에 주입하였다. GMP는 DEAE 수지의 관응기에 결합하였으며, 0에서 0.5M의 NaCl 직선농도 구배를 실시하였을 때 약 0.1∼0.25M에서 용출되었다. 정제한 GMP는 SDS-PAGE에서 단일한 band를 나타냈으며, 분자량은 24kDa으로 trimer 형태로 상업적으로 제공받은 대조 GMP와 같은 분자량 위치로 영동하였다. 정제한 GMP의 아미노산 조성은 대조GMP의 결과와 비교하였을 때 Ser, Val이 약간 적었으며 Gly은 반대로 2배의 함량을 나타냈으나 전체적인 조성비에서는 거의 일치하였다. 단백질의 회수율은 유청 1L에서 약 0.71g의 GMP를 효과적으로 분리한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과로부터 한외여과와 DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography를 이용하여 GMP를 산업적으로 대량 정제할 수 있는 것이 확인되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to estimate the shelf life of butter and cheese products, with shelf life being a guide used to determine the storage period of food before deterioration. Butter and cheese samples stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$ had a shelf life of 221 d, while those stored at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ had a shelf life of 109 d. Quality changes, including total cell count, coliform counts, Listeria monocytogenes counts, acid value, moisture content, pH, acidity and overall sensory evaluation, were monitored. In order to pass the overall sensory evaluation, a quality score of 5 points on a 9-point scale was required. For other quality criteria, legal quality limits were established based on the "Process Criteria and Ingredient Standard of Livestock Products" by the Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency (Republic of Korea). The nonlegal quality limit was estimated by regression analysis between non-quality criteria (y) and overall sensory evaluation (x). The shelf life was estimated based on the number of days that the product passed the quality limit of the quality criteria. The shelf life of samples stored at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ was 21.94, 17.18, 6.10 and 0.58 mon, respectively, for butter and 10.81, 9.47, 4.64 and 0.20 mon, respectively, for cheese.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.658-662
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• 2011

In this study, 543 samples of press hams, sausages, processed ground meat and processed cheese acquired from retail markets in Seoul and Gyeonggi province in Korea from 2005 to 2010 were monitored using a one-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that involves the amplification of specific soya or maize endogenous genes and the amplification of 35S promoter (p35S) and nopaline synthase terminator (tNOS) for GMO detection. Among the 543 samples, 477 samples were amplified for maize and/or soybean endogenous genes. Although one sausage sample collected in 2008 showed amplification of tNOS, the result was assumed to be false positive based on the results from further tests of other sausage samples of the same brand. Our results demonstrate the absence of GM soya and/or maze of livestock products in the Korean market during 2005-2010. In addition, the one-step multiplex PCR using previously constructed primer sets appears to be useful as a screening method for the detection of GMOs in processed livestock products. However, more specific methods should be established and employed to detect the event-specific GM gene for positive reaction samples by screening tests in processed livestock products.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1513-1513
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• 2001

Present Food Legislation compels dairy industry to carry out analyses in order to guarantee the food safety and quality of products. Furthermore, in many cases industry pays milk according to bacteriological or/and nutritional quality. In order to do these analyses, several expensive instruments are needed (Milkoscan, Fossomatic, Bactoscan). NIRS technology Provides a unique instrument to deal with all analytical requirements. It offers as main advantages its speed and, specially, its versatility, since not only allows determine all the parameters required in milk analysis, but also allows analyse other dairy products, like cheese or whey. The objective of this study is to develop NIRS calibration equations to predict several quality parameters in goat milk, cheese and whey. Three sets of 123 milk samples, 190 cheese samples and 109 whey samples, have been analysed in a FOSS NIR Systems 6500 I spectrophotometer equipped with a spinning module. Milk and whey were analysed by folded transmission, using circular cells with gold surface and pathlength of 0.1 m, while intact cheese was analysed by reflectance using standard circular cells. NIRS calibrations were obtained for the prediction of chemical composition in goat milk, for fat (r$^2$=0.92; SECV=0.20%), total solids (r$^2$=0.95: SECV=0.22%), protein (r$^2$=0.94; SECV=0.07%), casein (r$^2$=0.93; SECV=0.07%) and lactose (r$^2$=0.89; SECV=0.05%). Moreover, equations have been performed to determine somatic cells (r$^2$=0.81; SECV=276.89%) and total bacteria (r$^2$=0.58; SECV=499.32%) counts in goat milk. In the case of cheese, calibrations were obtained for the prediction of fat (r$^2$=0.92; SECV=0.57), total solids (r$^2$=0.80; SECV=0.92%) and protein (r$^2$=0.70; SECV=0.63%). In whey, fat (r$^2$=0.66; SECV=0.08%), total solids (r$^2$=0.67; SECV=0.19%) and protein (r$^2$=0.76; SECV=0.07%) NIRS equations were obtained. These results proved the viability of NIRS technology to predict chemical and microbiological parameters and somatic cells count in goat milk, as well as chemical composition of goat cheese and whey.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.61-68
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• 1985

This study was conducted in a Korean airline catering operation where about 8, 000~10, 000 in flight meals per day were served. Time ad temperature observations were made in an actual airline catering operation to determine critical control points in mushroom and cheese omelet production, and to provide guidelines for the effective quality control programs of the airline catering operation. All data collection was replicated three times. Time and temperature data were collected by using standard instruments throughout the process sequence. Most phases of the food prodct flow were identified as critical control points. Holding phases of after cooking, and before and after reheating need a special attention, since foods were held at room temperature. Several guidelines were suggested for the effective quality control programs for the airline catering operation.