• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

An ink jetting measurement system has been developed such that the velocity as well as the volume of ink droplets can be measured. In order to measure the ink droplet, a strobe LED light was synchronized to the droplet firing signal in order to obtain frozen droplet images. Then, a LabVIEW based software was developed for the analysis of the droplet image. For the efficient droplet analysis, a user generated rectangular shaped ROI (Region of Interest) was used. By using ROI, the ink droplet image can be easily isolated from the other structures such as printhead and the processing area can be minimized.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.266-274
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• 2003

Synectics is one of several techniques used to enhance brainstorming by taking a more active role and introducing metaphor and structure into the process. It is unclear at what level of specificity this should be formulated as a pattern. This thesis reviews recent computational as well as experimental work on analogical reasoning based on synectics. New results regarding information processing of analogical reasoning stages, major computational models and recent attempts to compare these models are reviewed. Computational models are also discussed in the computational as well as cognitive psychology perspectives. Future directions in analogical reasoning research are proposed. The following import is the need to accommodate the typology and normal assessment in the concrete circumstances where actual reasoning and problem solving take place. In order to get to this end, we used computational models by Thagard who take the stand of ‘Computational Philosophy of Science’, which assumes ‘Weak AI’ to explicate what constitute the very pecularity of Analogical Reasoning.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1597-1603
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• 1995

A prediction model on forward slip has been developed for presetting rolling speed of each finish mill stand in the continuous hot strip roduction. Those factors such as neutral point, friction coefficient, volume fractions undergoing width spread, shape of deformation zone at each side of entry and delivery of the rolls were taken into account. To reduce the speed unbalance between adjacent stands a refining method of adjusting friction coefficient has also been developed. On-line application of the model showed a good agreement in rolling speeds between the predictions and the actual measurements, and gave an outstanding improvement in the travelling stability of strip passing through the finishing mill train.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1970

Site-index curves for Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. grown in the middle part of Korea were developed from stem analysis data by a procedure of guide curve equation $Yt=K-ab^t$ (t=0, 1, 2, ${\cdots}{\cdots}$) and shown in Fig. 2. The stand density expressed as size-number criteria was calculated and the relation of number of tree per hectare and average DBH was presented in Fig. 3, in which soil fertility showed little effect. When this is compared to Reineke's density standards, the Pinus densiflora stand ranks high level of stocking density (Fig. 5). As a measure for estimating timber volume, the angle-summation technique revealed to result wider variation. Constructing hypothetical populations for appraising angle-summation technique, the significance of its application in silvicultural and ecological research are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 1999

This study was conducted to reveal the characteristics of the early growth by locality for Korean white pine planted in Gapyung and Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do and Youngdong, Choongchungbuk-Do. The effects of local climatic conditions as one of environmental factors on the growth were also analyzed. For this, several stand variables such as number of trees survived, mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age were measured and summarized for each locality. Based on these statistics, periodic annual increments for 8 years from stand age 10 to 18 were calculated for each of stand variables. A topoclimatological technique, for the estimation of local climatic conditions, which makes use of empirical relationships between the topography and the weather in study areas was applied to produce reasonable estimates of monthly mean, maximum, minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, and hours of sunshine over remote land area where routine observations are rare. From these monthly estimates, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc. which affect the tree growth, were computed for each locality. The periodic annual increments were then correlated with and regressed on the weather variables to examine effects of local weather conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provided the best conditions for the growth of Korean white pine in the early stage and Kwangju area ranked second. On the other hand, the growth pattern in Youngdong ranked last overall as expected. It is also found that the local growth patterns of Korean white pine in juvenile stage were affected by typical weather conditions. The conditions such as low temperature, high relative humidity, and large amount of precipitation provide favorable environment for the growth of Korean white pine. Especially, the diameter growth, basal area growth, and volume growth are mainly influenced by the amount of precipitation. However, it is proved that the height growth is affected by both the precipitation and temperature.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2001

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on the vegetative growth in a mature stand of Korean white pine based on climatic estimates. For this, the annual increments of stand variables such as DBH, height, basal area and volume were measured and estimated for seven years from 1974 to 1980. The local climatic conditions in the study site were also estimated by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. The local climatic conditions were then correlated with and regressed on the growth factors to reveal the relationships between the climatic estimates and the growth. It is found that relatively high temperatures had positive effects on the diameter growth. The yearly diameter growth increased when each of mean, maximum, and minimum temperature during the growing season was high. Height growth showed positively significant correlation with three climatic variables. The most important variable influencing height growth was the average of maximum temperature for 10 months from January to October. It means that the higher the average of maximum temperature for 10 months from January to October is, the more height growth of Korean white pine increases. Other climatic variables related to height growth were average of minimum temperature for 3 months in the early growing season and mean relative humidity for the growing season. Six climatic variables related to temperature had effects on basal area increment and all of them were positively correlated with basal area increment. Especially, temperatures from January to March were important factors affecting the basal area increment. In volume increment, high correlation was also recognized with most of temperature variables. This tendency was the same as the results in diameter and hight increments. This means that the volume growth increases when temperatures during the growing season are relatively high.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

As the deforestation in North Korea gets severed, the interest for REDD+ is also increasing. This study analyzed historical land cover changes of the study area which is 10,000 ha in Hwanghaebukdo of North Korea for assessing change in landcover and carbon storage. The result showed that the forest area had decreased from 7,035 ha to 4,293 ha which is approximately 39% of total forest area between 1989 and 2013. The deforestation caused that forest carbon storage had decreased approximately $284,399tCO_2$. Set the baseline and analysed the potential reduction amount of carbon emission, it was estimated that REDD+ project could store approximately $364,704tCO_2$ for next 30 years. This study still has limitations such as lacking in direct field survey and the data of stand volume of each tree species which was replaced with the data of stand volume in South Korea. But, study can be applied for future REDD+ projects in North Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.431-440
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• 2005

Location, height and clear-length of individual tree can be measured directly by LiDAR Remote Sensing, and dbh(diameter at breast height) can be estimated indirectly by tree height measured by LiDAR. In addition, stand volume and stand biomass are computed from estimated growth factors. In this study, each estimated growth factor was compared to the field measurements to validate accuracy. The coefficient of determination of total tree heights was 0.66 for total trees, 0.68 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.66 for Larix leptolepis and 0.60 for Quercus spp. The coefficient of determination of clear-length was 0.79 for total trees, 0.73 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.79 for Larix leptolepis, 0.68 for Quercus spp. The coefficient of determination of dbh predicted was 0.73 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.73 for Larix leptolepis and 0.85 for Quercus spp. Moreover The coefficient of determination of basal area was 0.82 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.92 for Larix leptolepis and 0.95 for Quercus spp. Biomass per ha computed by growth factor using LiDAR was 40,306 dm/ha for Pinus koraiensis, 94,150 tdm/ha for Larix leptolepis and 94,481 tdm/ha for Quercus spp. by species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 2001

This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between physiological characteristics and growth by family for open-pollinated progeny stand of Korean white pine in Gapyung site. Average growth performance of total 25 families for 18 years old progeny stand in this study site showed 5.9m in mean height, 8.9cm in mean DBH, $12.0m^2$ in basal area per hectare and $46.5m^3$ in volume per hectare, respectively. By the analysis result of growth performance for all 25 families, family No. 20 showed the most excellent growth and middle in family No. 10. On the other hand, family No. 3 represented the worst growth among the 25 families. The change of seasonal photosynthesis rate by increasing luminous intensity was the same tendency as the growth pattern of all 25 families and showed the same results in all four seasons. In the seasonal analysis, the photosynthesis rate was increased as the season has changed from winter to summer. Chlorophyll contents was also increased from winter to summer. Especially, family No. 20 which is the best in growth performance has more chlorophyll contents than the others. In addition, family No. 20 was also better than other families in the weight of assimilation tissue(g), length of needle(cm), width of needle(cm), and number of Stoma. However, in water utilization rate, family No. 3 which is the worst in the growth performance showed the best result that is reverse tendency compared with the photosynthesis rate. The changes of water utilization rate represented to be increased as the season has changed from winter to summer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 1983

Canopy structure and light interception were investigated as related to forage growth and dry matter production in four swards; pure orchardgrass, pure ladino clover, orchard-ladino mixture, and multi-mixture that was consisted of four grasses and three legumes. In spring, multi-mixture stand had the highest LAI, while ladino clover pure stand had low LAI but the highest leaf volume density(L$_{v}$ ). In fall, both pure orchardgrass and orchard-ladino mixture had higher LAI and L$_{v}$ than others. Orchard pure stand was an electophile canopy with K, light extinction coefficient, of 0.29-0.43, pure ladino clover a planophile canopy with K of 0.72, and both mixtures a plagiophile canopy with K of 0.43-0.58. Dry matter yields had highly significant correlation with LAI in all stands. Optimum LAI for pure orchardgrass was estimated above 6.0 and for pure ladino clover, orchard-ladino mixture and multi-mixture were about 3.8,5.0 and 8.0, respectively. Conclusion was made that multi-mixture and orchard-ladino mixture had better canopy structure to improve light penetration and forage yield than pure stands.