• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2018

Objective: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a condition that is characterized by patellar discomfort or pain that is aggravated during certain activities such as ascending/descending stairs. The Patellofemoral Disability Index (PDI) was developed to assess the effect of pain on functional activities in individuals with PFPS. The objectives of the current study were to determine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity of this index. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-one subjects who had PFPS with a mean age of $28.8{\pm}5.0years$ and a mean body mass index of $25.6{\pm}4.7kg/m^2$ participated in the study. All subjects were concurrently enrolled in a clinical trial for which they were instructed to complete hamstring-resistance exercises for 4 weeks. Over the course of the intervention, they completed both the PDI and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline after two weeks, and after four weeks. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the criterion validity. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was used to examine the internal consistency. Intraclass correlation coefficients with 95% confidence interval were computed to examine test-retest reliability. Results: Subjects' responses within both the PDI and the ODI yielded Pearson correlation coefficient values that were positive and highly significant (range, 0.73-0.97; p<0.001). There was a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's ${\alpha}{\geq}0.8$), with the exception of stair climbing (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.65$). Intraclass correlation ranged from 0.87 to 0.92, indicating high levels of test-retest reliability. Conclusions: The PDI is a valid, reliable, and feasible method of assessing pain and functional ability in patients with PFPS.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding hip abductor strengthening to conventional rehabilitation on muscle strength and physical function following total knee replacement (TKR) for knee osteoarthritis. Design: Randomized controlled trial Methods: Thirty-five participants were randomly allocated to exercise groups I (n=18) and II (n=17). Group I underwent hip abductor training and conventional rehabilitation for 30 min per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Group II underwent conventional rehabilitation for 30 min per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. The participants in both groups also received continuous passive motion therapy for 15 min per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. To investigate the effect of the intervention, the Biodex dynamometer was used to measure the peak torque of both knee extensors and hip abductors. This study used the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADLS) to assess physical function, as well as the figure-of-8 walk test (F8W) and the stair climb test (SCT). Results: According to the interventions, exercise groups I and II showed significantly improved muscle strength and KOS-ADLS, F8W, and SCT scores (p<0.001). Compared with that of exercise group II, exercise group I showed significantly improved hip abductor strength (p<0.001) and KOS-ADLS, F8W, and SCT scores (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the combination of hip abductor strengthening and conventional rehabilitation is an effective exercise method to increase hip abductor muscle strength and physical function after TKR.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

[Purpose] This preliminary study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. [Methods] NEAT was measured in 71 healthy adults (male n = 29; female n = 42). Statistical analysis was performed to develop a NEAT estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. [Results] We confirmed that age^A, weight^B, heart rate (HR)_average^C, weight × HR_average^D, weight × HR_sum^E, systolic blood pressure (SBP) × HR_rest^F, fat mass ÷ height^2G, gender × HR_average^H, and gender × weight × HR_sum^I were important variables in various NEAT activity regression models. There was no significant difference between the measured NEAT values obtained using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted NEAT. [Conclusion] This preliminary study developed a regression model to estimate the NEAT in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: sitting = 1.431 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.00014 × (D) - 0.00005 × (F) + 0.006 × (H); leg jiggling = 1.102 - 0.011 × (A) + 0.013 × (B) + 0.005 × (H); standing = 1.713 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.0000017 × (I); 4.5 km/h walking = 0.864 + 0.035 × (B) + 0.0000041 × (E); 6.0 km/h walking = 4.029 - 0.024 × (C) + 0.00071 × (D); climbing up 1 stair = 1.308 - 0.016 × (A) + 0.00035 × (D) - 0.000085 × (F) - 0.098 × (G); and climbing up 2 stairs = 1.442 - 0.023 × (A) - 0.000093 × (F) - 0.121 × (G) + 0.0000624 × (E).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.7-12
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• 2004

MDCT is a useful, non-invasive, diagnostic tool in the evaluation of coronary artery disease. However, the image quality is affected by an irregular heart rhythm of the patients. Especially, premature ventricular contraction induced stair-step artifacts in the reconstruction of 2-D or 3-D images of the heart including coronary arteries. In recent, we experienced some improving of the image quality after correcting the PVC. Accordingly, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the arrhythmia correction method, which was commercially available software, in improving the quality of the reconstruction images of the heart. Image analysis was performed, in consensus, by two radiologists. The scores for image quality were ranked as follows; excellent is 4 (image quality is markedly improved and is helpful in the image evaluation), good is 3 (image quality is mildly improved, but is somewhat helpful in the image evaluation), fair is 2 (image quality is improved and is not helpful in the image evaluation), and poor is 1 (image quality is not improved). We used ANOVA method to evaluate the statistical significant differences in the image qualities among the correction methods of the arrhythmia with below 0.05 of p-value. The method of moving the R-R interval showed statistically significant differences in improving of the image quality in patients with arrhythmia. We concluded that the regulation of R-R interval in patients with arrhythmia was an effective method to improve the image quality in the reconstructions of the MDCT coronary angiograms.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.302-309
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• 2023

In general, castings often have complex shapes and significant variations in thickness within a single product, making grid generation for simulations challenging. Casting flows involve multiphase flows, requiring the tracking of the boundary between air and molten metal. Additionally, considerable time is spent calculating pressure fields due to density differences in a numerical analysis. For these reasons, the Cartesian grid system has traditionally been used in mold filling simulations. However, orthogonal grids fail to represent shapes accurately, leading to a momentum loss caused by the stair-like grid patterns on curved and sloped surfaces. This can alter the flow of molten metals and result in incorrect casting process designs. To address this issue, simulations in the Cartesian grid system involve creating a large number of grids to represent shapes more accurately. Alternatively, the Cut Cell method can be applied to address the problems arising from the Cartesian grid system. In this study, analysis results based on the number of grid in the Cartesian grid system for a casting flow analysis were compared with results obtained using the Cut Cell method. Casting flow simulations of actual products during various casting processes were also conducted, and these results were analyzed with and without applying the Cut Cell method.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2005

Several Solid Freeform Fabrication Systems(SFFS) are commercialized in a few companies for rapid prototyping. However, they have many technical problems including the limitation of applicable materials. A new method of agile prototyping is required for the recent manufacturing environments of multi-item and small quantity production. The objectives of this paper include the development of a novel method of SFFS, the CAFL/sup VM/(Computer Aided Fabrication of Lamination for Various Material), and the manufacture of the various material samples for the certification of the proposed system and the creation of new application areas. For these objectives, the technologies for a highly accurate robot path control, the optimization of support structure, CAD modeling, adaptive slicing was implemented. However, there is an important problem with the conventional 2D lamination method. That is the inaccuracy of 3D model surface, which is caused by the stair-type surface generated in virtue of vertical 2D cutting. In this paper, We design the new control algorithm that guarantees the constant speed, precise positioning and tangential cutting on the 5DOF SFFS. We develop the tangential cutting algorithm to be controlled with constant speed and successfully implemented in the 5DOF CAFL/sup VM/ system developed in this paper. Finally, this paper confirms its high-performance through the experimental results from the application into CAFL/sup VM/ system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

Korea is rapidly becoming an aging society. This study aims to examine the existing conditions of outdoor living environments to assist a healthy lifestyle for senior citizens and to determine the most influential factor in a senior-friendly outdoor space as well as to suggest improvements in existing conditions focused on the prospective senior population. This study relied on two methods: a descriptive method of researching publications and related scholastic writings and an empirical study that included a survey of present conditions and interviews with the prospective seniors and senior citizens in Daejeon. Conditions of outdoor living environments for seniors were found to be more than adequate in general. But some factors evaluated as low must be carefully tailored for seniors. First, the study showed that seniors evaluated as highest the 'use of a walkway' for a stroll and stayed outside for 1~2 hours at a time. Many vehicles parked in walkways were the most inconvenient factors in going for a walk. Second, the study showed that the evaluation of outdoor space was about average and 'sociality' was evaluated as the lowest. Third, the study showed that men evaluated lower than women 4 items: 'use and convenience of a wheelchair', 'night lighting', 'discrimination of signage at nighttime' and 'trees'. Respondents above the age of 66 are more uncomfortable with items such as 'slippery walking surface', 'stair handrail', 'discrimination of signage at nighttime' and 'direction of apartment complex' while respondents above the age of 80 are more uncomfortable with items of 'slippery walking surface', 'stair handrail' and 'discrimination of signage at nighttime'. Fourth, the evaluation by existing housing patterns was statistically significant in 20 of 22 evaluated items. This means that residents in apartment complex evaluated as high these items in general. In this study, existing outdoor living environments for the elderly did not display any immediately serious issues in the overall evaluation items. Assuming, however, that the aging population will quickly increase in the next ten years, items which are evaluated as low in descriptive statistics and items which give inconvenience to the elderly above the age of 80 in particular will need to be the first areas to be improved.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the minimum effective width (90cm) of the exit of the evacuation stairway installed in accordance with the Building Act and the evacuation time of all occupants using the corresponding floor from an evacuation point of view. Method: The evacuation simulation (Pathfinder) was used to investigate how the change in doorway width affects the evacuation time of occupants. Result: It was found that as the effective width of the doorway became larger than the minimum standard of 90cm, the evacuation time to the evacuation stairs was shortened. This is also proof that the effective width of the evacuation stair entrance can be appropriately applied differently depending on the number of occupants on the floor. Conclusion: In the future, in order to secure evacuation safety of occupants, it is judged that the effective width standard for the exit of the evacuation stairway considering the total number of occupants by use is necessary. In addition, it is expected that the evacuation efficiency of occupants can be greatly increased if various effective width standards for entrances are made according to the number of occupants by use through research and experiments.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.641-651
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• 2022

This research compares and analyzes evacuation time depending on the change in stair width in case of fire at Goshiwons. For this, a simulation has been conducted based on possible evacuation time according to the calculation method for the number of people admittable to a specific target for fire fighting equipped with accommodation. Currently, Gosiwon, which is classified as an accommodation facility (a total floor area of 500 m² or more), uses blind spots prescribed by the Fire Services Act, Building Act, and Parking Act to build a high-rise building on a small area of land, and most Gosiwon is transformed into a modified accommodation. This is in line with the owner's operating profit, so it is expected to show a continuous increase. Securing the golden time of Gosiwon evacuation time is the last bastion of Gosiwon residents who belong to the economically disadvantaged in our society, and we hope this study will serve as a starting point for discussions on revising related laws and regulations to establish a social safety net As a result of the evacuation simulation analysis, the evacuation time was the least when the width of the group and the evacuation stairs were expanded to 200cm, and the evacuation time of the existing building was reduced by up to 166.3 seconds by comparing 648.4 seconds and scenario 6. This analysis can be meaningful, in that the width of the evacuation stairs revision of related laws and regulations for the safety of multiplex available premises.