• Title/Summary/Keyword: stable distribution

Search Result 1,241, Processing Time 0.026 seconds

신유통업태 분석

  • 주우진
    • Journal of Distribution Research
    • /
    • v.1 no.1
    • /
    • pp.9-40
    • /
    • 1996
  • This year marks the full liberalization(i.e., opening up) of the Korean distribution market to foreign firms. Therefore, we are likely to see much activity by foreign retailers who will be entering the Korean market and indigenous retailers trying to depend their current market positions. The liberalization of Korean distribution market will undoubtedly lead to some erosion of market share of indigenous retailers, but the benefits of rationalization of distribution, stable consumer prices, strengthened competitiveness of indigenous retailers far outweigh the costs. With liberalization, we are likely to see increased growth of "New Modes of Retailing(NMR)." In this paper, I describe the distinguishing characteristics of NMR as economies of scale, self service, large physical facilities, low-to-medium price, and systemization. I also describe the similarities and differences between the various types of NMR. Finally, I describe the fit between the various forms of NMR and the Korean consumer environment.vironment.

  • PDF

Sign IV Cointegration Tests

  • Oh, Yu-Jin
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
    • /
    • v.16 no.4
    • /
    • pp.707-711
    • /
    • 2009
  • We propose new cointegration tests using signs of the regressors as instrumental variable. Our tests have the asymptotic standard normal distribution and are free from the dimension of regressors under the null hypothesis of no cointegration. A Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the proposed tests have a stable size and an improved power. Particulary, the tests have better power for small numbers of observations.

Study for Influence of grid-connected PV System on The Distribution System. (계통연계형 태양광발전시스템의 배전계통에 미치는 영향)

  • 정영석;강기환;유권종;송진수
    • Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
    • /
    • 1998.07a
    • /
    • pp.100-102
    • /
    • 1998
  • In recent years, for the viewpoint of environment and electric power demand for stable secure, new energy such as photovoltaic system (PV) become increasingly popular. In case of interconnecting PV to the commercial electric company, two problems will occur when operating in isclation with the other general consumers. One is doing harm to the power quality. And the other is the security problem caused by charching a part of commercial system line that has to be no voltage. In this paper, a simple modelling of distribution system and grid-connected PV system and simulation result were proposed.

  • PDF

Reliability Calculation of Power Generation Systems Using Generalized Expansion

  • Kim, Jin-O
    • Journal of Electrical Engineering and information Science
    • /
    • v.2 no.6
    • /
    • pp.123-130
    • /
    • 1997
  • This paper presents a generalized expansion method for calculating reliability index in power generation systems. This generalized expansion with a gamma distribution is a very useful tool for the approximation of capacity outage probability distribution of generation system. The well-known Gram-Charlier expansion and Legendre series are also studied in this paper to be compared with this generalized expansion using a sample system IEEE-RTS(Reliability Test System). The results show that the generalized expansion with a composite of gamma distributions is more accurate and stable than Gram-Charlier expansion and Legendre series as addition of the terms to be expanded.

  • PDF

The Frictional Characteristic and Distribution of Temperature in The Continuous Braking Effort on The Train Control (열차 제어의 연속 제동시 마찰특성과 온도분포)

  • Lee Si-Woo;Choi Kyung-Jin
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
    • /
    • 2005.11a
    • /
    • pp.101-106
    • /
    • 2005
  • During braking at a train, thermal energy is generated due to the frictions between disk and lining and wheel and shoe. In general, the braking transfers the kinetic energy into thermal energy. Therefore. the frictional characteristics are varied according to the braking force, the thermal resistance, and the thermostable, etc. Using a Dynamo testing we have studied the frictional characteristics and the thermal distribution to investigate a stable speed and to improve the testing method through comparing and analysing in the measurement or the thermocouple temperature and infrared camera.

  • PDF

Frequency and Geographical Distribution of B Chromosomes of Rye (Secale cereale L.) in Korea (한국 호밀(Scale cereale L.)의 B 염색체 출현빈도와 지리적 분포)

  • 방재욱
    • Journal of Plant Biology
    • /
    • v.29 no.2
    • /
    • pp.77-84
    • /
    • 1986
  • The frequencies and geographical distribution of B chromosomes on 15 strains of rye (Secale cereale L.) collected from various localities in Korea were investigated. All of the 15 strains of rye investigated were found to have B chromosomes, and the frequencies of B chromosomes ranged from 6% to 51% with 20.1% average. Plants with 2Bs seem to be the most stable in populations with B chromosomes. Of 1400 plants examined, one plant was observed to have a deficient-B chromosome in Buyo rye.

  • PDF

A study on the improvement of distribution system by overseas agricultural investment (해외농업투자에 따른 유통체계 개선방안에 관한 연구)

  • Sun, Il-Suck;Lee, Dong-Ok
    • Journal of Distribution Science
    • /
    • v.8 no.3
    • /
    • pp.17-26
    • /
    • 2010
  • Recently concerns have been raised due to the unbalanced supply of crops: the price of crops has been unstable and at one point the price went up so high that the word Agflation(agriculture+ inflation) was coined. Korea, in particular, is a small-sized country and needs to secure the stable supply of crops by investing in the produce importation at a national level. Investment in foreign produce importation is becoming more important as a measure for sufficient supply of crops, limited supply of domestic crops, weakened farming conditions worldwide, as well as recent changes in the use of crops due to the development of bio-fuels, influence of carbon emission on crops, the price increase in crops, and influx of foreign hot money. However, there are many problems with investing in foreign produce importation: lack of support from the government; lack of farming information and technology; difficulty in securing the capital; no immediate pay-off from the investment and insufficient management. Although foreign produce is originally more price-competitive than domestic produce, it loses its competiveness in the process of importation (due to high tariffs) and poor distribution system, which makes it difficult to sell in Korea. Therefore, investment in foreign produce importation is being questioned for feasibility; to make it possible, foreign produce must maintain the price-competitiveness. Especially, harvest of agricultural products depends on natural and geographical conditions of each country and those products have indigenous properties, so distribution system according to import and export of agricultural products should be treated more carefully than that of other industries. Distribution costs are differentiated into each item and include cost of sorting and wrapping, cost of wrapping materials, cost of domestic transport, cost of international transport and cost of clearing customs for import and export. So transporting and storing agricultural products generates considerable costs compared with other products. Also, due to upgrade of dietary life, needs for stability, taste and visible quality toward food including agricultural products are being raised and wrong way of storage causes decomposition of food and loss of freshness, making the storage more difficult than that in room temperature, so storage and transport in distribution of agricultural products needs specialty. In addition, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. However, existing distribution system of agricultural products is exposed to various problems including problems in distribution channel, making distribution and strategy for distribution and those problems are as follows. First, in case of investment in overseas agricultural industry, stable supply of the products is difficult because areas of production are dispersed widely and influenced by outer factors due to including overseas distribution channels. Also, at the aspect of quality, standardization of products is difficult, distribution system is quite complicated and unreasonable due to long distribution channels according to international trade and financial and institutional support is not enough. Especially, there are quite a lot of ineffective factors including multi level distribution process, dramatic gap between production cost and customer's cost, lack of physical distribution facilities and difficulties in storage and transport due to lack of wrapping containers. Besides, because import and export of agricultural products has been manages under the company's own distribution according to transaction contract between manufacturers and exporting company, efficiency is low due to excessive investment in fixed costs and lack of specialty in dealing with agricultural products causes fall of value of products, showing the limit to lose price-competitiveness. Especially, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. Second, among tangible and intangible services which promote the efficiency of the whole distribution, a function building distribution environment which includes distribution information, system for standard and inspection, distribution finance, system for diversification of risks, education and training, distribution administration and tax system is wanted. In general, such a function building distribution environment is difficult to be changed and supplement innovatively because its effect compared with investment does not appear immediately despite of its necessity. Especially, in case of distribution of agricultural products, as a function of collecting and distributing is performed individually through various channels, the importance of distribution information and standardization is getting more focus due to the problem of repetition of work and lack of specialty. Also, efficient management of distribution is quite difficult due to lack of professionals in distribution, so support to professional education is needed. Third, though effort to keep self-sufficiency ratio of staple food, rice is regarded as important at the government level, level of dependency on overseas of others crops is high. Therefore, plan for stable securing food resources aside from staple food is also necessary. Especially, governmental organizations of agricultural products distribution in Korea are production-centered and have unreasonable structure whose function at the aspect of distribution and consumption is quite insufficient. And development of new distribution channels which can deal with changes in distribution environment and they do not achieve actual results of strategy for distribution due to non-positive strategy for price distribution. That is, it implies the possibility that base for supply will become vulnerable because it does not mediate appropriate interests on total distribution channels such as manufacturers, wholesale dealers and vendors by emphasizing consumer protection excessively in the distribution of agricultural products. Therefore, this study examined fundamental concept and actual situation for our investment to overseas agriculture, drew necessities, considerations, problems, etc. of overseas agricultural investment and suggested improvements at the level of distribution for price competitiveness of agricultural products cultivated in overseas under five aspects; government's indirect support, distribution's modernization and distribution information function's strengthening, government's political support for distribution facility, transportation route, load and unloading works' improvement, price competitiveness' securing, professional manpower's cultivation by education and training, etc. Here are some suggestions for foreign produce importation. First, the government should conduct a survey on the current distribution channels and analyze the situation to establish a measure for long-term development plans. By providing each agricultural area with a guideline for planning appropriate production of crops, the government can help farmers be ready for importation, and prevent them from producing same crops all at the same time. Government can sign an MOU with the foreign government and promote the importation so that the development of agricultural resources can be stable and steady. Second, the government can establish a strategy for an effective distribution system by providing farmers and agriculture-related workers with the distribution information such as price, production, demand, market structure and location, feature of each crop, and etc. In order for such distribution system to become feasible, the government needs to reconstruct the current distribution system, designate a public organization for providing distribution information and set the criteria for level of produce quality, trade units, and package units. Third, the government should provide financial support and a policy to seek an efficient distribution channel for foreign produce to be delivered fresh: the government should expand distribution facilities (for selecting, packaging, storing, and processing) and transportation vehicles while modernizing old facilities. There should be another policy to improve the efficiency of unloading, and to lower the cost of distribution. Fourth, it is necessary to enact a new law covering exceptional cases for importing produce in order to maintain the price competitiveness; currently the high tariffs is keeping the imported produce from being distributed domestically. However, the new adjustment should be made carefully within the WTO regulations since it can create a problem from giving preferential tariffs. The government can also simplify the distribution channels in order to reduce the cost in the distribution process. Fifth, the government should educate distributors to raise the efficiency and to modernize the distribution system. It is necessary to develop human resources by educating people regarding the foreign agricultural environment, the produce quality, management skills, and by introducing some successful cases in advanced countries.

  • PDF

한약재 품질관리의 개선방향

  • Park, Jin-Han
    • 대한한약학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 2007.11a
    • /
    • pp.129-144
    • /
    • 2007
  • In order for stable demand-supply and regularity of distribution, "The regulations for management of demand-supply and distribution of medicinal herbs" were established on 1995. Therefore, the medicinal herbs of good quality have been controled to be distributed in the market. However, to be wide of the purpose, the standardized sound distribution system was caused due to the governmental control on demand-supply to protect domestic farmers who produce the material for medicinal herbs, which results in the over distribution of non-standardized or illegally imported medicinal herbs. In addition, because of the distribution of faulty or poor medicinal herbs, there are chances of affecting bad effects on public health. The standardized medicinal herbs cover 514 different kinds in total, of which 69 products are specified to be standardized in the oriental medicine product companies. Also, in order to protect farmers who produce the materials for medicinal herbs, the amount of imported materials are regulated in normal times. The 14 different materials for medicinal herbs, which are allowed to be imported to a certain amount only when the shortage of goods or sudden rise of prices is to happen, are frequently introduced into domestic market as food not as medical usage, and the origin of those illegally changes to home cropped one for the distribution in the market. In addition, the system of distribution are to be disordered and the condition for the distribution of medicinal herbs of good quality can not be made since they illegally changes the usage of the materials for medicinal herbs from their original one and can not be regulated by the domestic laws.

  • PDF

Analysis of mean Transition Time and Its Uncertainty Between the Stable Modes of Water Balance Model (물수지 방정식의 안정상태간의 평균 천이시간 및 불확실성에 관한 연구)

  • 이재수
    • Water for future
    • /
    • v.27 no.2
    • /
    • pp.129-137
    • /
    • 1994
  • The surface hydrology of large land areas is susceptible to several preferred stable states with transitions between stable states induced y stochastic fluctuation. This comes about due to the close coupling of land surface and atmospheric interaction. An interesting and important issue is the duration of residence in each mode. Mean transtion times between the stable modes are analyzed for different model parameters or climatic types. In an example situation of this differential equation exhibits a bimodal probability distribution of soil moisture states. Uncertainty analysis regarding the model parameters is performed using a Monte-Carlo simulation method. The method developed in this research may reveal some important characteristics of soil moisture or precipitation over a large area, in particular, those relating to abrupt changes in soil moisture or precipitation having extremely variable duration.

  • PDF

A Study on Publishing Distribution System Application for RFID System (출판유통 RFID 적용에 관한 연구)

  • 안종윤;강경식
    • Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
    • /
    • v.6 no.1
    • /
    • pp.125-133
    • /
    • 2004
  • Greeting the globalization and information period of 21C, the improvement of the distributional system structure and modernization of publishing distribution are the seriously required periodic assignments for the publishing industry that is a national knowledge and culture industry to be equipped with the core competitiveness. First, it is to found a large distributional organization that is able to provide total logistics services in time that is essential to the publishing company and bookstore. Second, it is to have a logistics service to act up to the variable requirements of customers such as publishing companies and bookstores under the rapidly changing distribution environment. Third, it is to provide the standardized information of publishing distribution. It is needed to establish a total distributional center in collaboration to satisfy the requirements of publishing industry as above. By doing this work, structure of the publishing distribution system can be improved and its constitution can be strengthen, and it is possible not only to construct a stable supply system but also to realize an information-based system in the publishing industry with the construction of information system and its utilization. Furthermore, the application of RFID in the publishing distribution is essentially required to provide the symbolic model and logistics infrastructure into the 'Paju publishing culture information industrial complex'. It could be possible by growing the international recognition regarding distribution environment and strengthening the international competitiveness in the period of the ""Open door".