• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1228-1235
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• 2014

We investigated the antioxidant activities and effects of soy-sprout extracts (SE) against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The major free amino acids were asparagine, valine, pheylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, and leucine in SE. Both soy-spout extract by enzyme (SEE) and soy-spout extract by ultra high pressure (SEP) showed higher contents compared with soy-sprout water extract (SEW). The total polyphenol and isoflavone contents were highest in SEE. SEE had the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities as well. To determine the effects of SE on $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage, cell viability was measured using XTT assay. Pre-treatment with SEE and SEP significantly increased cell viability compared with $H_2O_2$-treated control cells by 29% and 32%, respectively. These results indicate that SEE and SEP possess antioxidant activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.960-968
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• 2023

The rhizome of Phragmites communis Trin. is used for vomiting and belching by clearing stomach and the sprout is used as tea. Phragmites japonica is similar with P. communis except the color of sheath is purple. This study is aimed to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity, total polyphenol and flavonoids contents of P. communis and P. japonica. The antioxidant activities of fractions from the two Phragmites plants were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant activity varied with plant parts and extract solvents. The fractions of leaf extract from the two Phragmites plants (4.06±1.32-16.47±1.28%) showed higher antioxidant activity by DPPH assay compared with rhizome fractions of two Phragmites plants (0.00±0.00-14.15±0.07%), these are lower compared with ascorbic acid and butylhydroxyanisole (BHA). The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity was found for rhizome ether fraction, namely 74.95±0.56% and 73.04±1.85% for P. communis and P. japonica, these are higher than BHA. The total polyphenol and flavonoids contents were different with plant parts and extract solvents, likewise antioxidant activity. A significant correlation was shown between DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Considering the results of this study, the leaves and stems of P. communis and P. japonica are expected to be used as natural antioxidants.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2009

On screening pathogen-resistant soybean, we identified a WRKY type transcription factor named a Glycine max WRKY1 (GmWRKY1). Expression of GmWRKY1 gene was induced in the soybean sprout by Pseudomonas infection. The GmWRKY1 was expressed in all of the tissues with high levels in stems, leaves and developing seeds. The protein Gm WRKY1 contains highly conserved two WRKY DNA-binding domains having two $C_2-H_2$ zinc-finger motif ($C-X_{4-5}-C-X_{22-23}-H-X-H$) in its N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences. In electrophoresis mobility shift assay, the GmWRKY1 protein bound specifically to W-box elements in the promoters of defense related genes. These results demonstrated that GmWRKY1 is one of the soybean WRKY family genes and the plant-specific transcription factors for defense processes.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2012

In this study, the cellular protective effect and antioxidative property of peanut sprout root extracts were investigated. Cellular protective effects of peanut sprout root extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of extracts exhibited a cellular protective effect in a concentration dependent manner. Particularly, the aglycone fraction of extracts showed prominent cellular protective effects in a concentration range (5~50 ${\mu}g/mL$). They are more effective than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as a lipid peroxidation chain blocker. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of peanut sprout root extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of extracts ($OSC_{50}$; 1.59 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed a similar ROS scavenging activity compare with that of L-ascorbic acid (1.50 ${\mu}g/mL$), known as a strong antioxidant. On the other hand, the order of free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) was (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol > 80% MeOH extract > aglycone fraction > ethyl acetate fraction. These results indicate that peanut sprout root extracts can function as an antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to solar UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and to protect cellular membranes against ROS.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, is known to play important roles in modulating both NO and superoxide production during vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. However, the role of BH4 in functions of vascular smooth muscle cells is not fully known. In this study, we tested the effects of BH4 and dihydrobiopterin (BH2), a BH4 precursor, on migration and proliferation in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Cell migration and proliferation were measured using a Boyden chamber and a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, respectively, and these results were confirmed with an ex vivo aortic sprout assay. Cell viability was examined by 2,3-bis [2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assays. BH4 and BH2 decreased PDGF-BBinduced cell migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of cell migration and proliferation by BH4 and BH2 was not affected by pretreatment with $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a NOS inhibitor. Moreover, the sprout outgrowth formation of aortic rings induced by PDGF-BB was inhibited by BH4 and BH2. Cell viability was not inhibited by BH4 and BH2 treatment. The present results suggest that BH4 and BH2 may inhibit PDGF-stimulated RASMC migration and proliferation via the NOS-independent pathway. Therefore, BH4 and its derivative could be useful for the development of a candidate molecule with an NO-independent anti-atherosclerotic function.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.223-226
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• 2014

In the fermented soybean product known as "chungkookjang", diverse bioactive compounds are produced when the soybean proteins are degraded during fermentation. Vascular endothelial cells (EC) are crucial in vein function and the formation of new vessels. A treatment to stimulate formation of new blood vessels is needed in cerebrovascular diseases that lead to ischaemic stroke and heart attack, as well as for diabetic ulcers. VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) simulates EC formation. The effect of Chungkookjang ethanol extract (CEE) on the proliferation of EC was studied. CEE (100, $1000{\mu}g/ml$) and boiled CEE were as effective as VEGF (10 ng/ml) for the proliferation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). The effect of CEE on the migration of HUVEC was investigated using sprout analysis. CEE ($100{\mu}g/ml$) was as effective as VEGF (10 ng/ml) for the migration of HUVEC. Isolation of specific peptides influencing the growth and migration of EC is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1571-1579
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• 2016

We investigated the effect of peanut sprout extract (PSE) on andropause symptoms. PSE was evaluated for impotency and benign prostatic hyperplasia via phosphodiesterase (PDE) or 5-alpha reductase II inhibition assay. Inhibition of PDE and 5-alpha reductase II activities in PSE was significantly higher than that of the non-treated control. To investigate the effects of testosterone levels by PSE, we performed cell media test using TM3 cells. Production of testosterone in TM3 cells was elevated by PSE. These results indicate that PSE was able to alleviate andropause symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 2008

Phytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of the aqueous or methanol extracts from the young sprouts of the six Compositae medicinal plants were determined. Aqueous leachates at 40g dry tissue $L^{-1}$ (g $L^{-1}$) Cirsium japonicum and Aster yomena showed the highest inhibitory effect on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Total phenolic content showed the highest amount in methanol extracts from Ixeris dentata, and followed by A. yomena, and Cephalonoplos segetum. Methanol extracts of C. segetum and I. dentata at 25${\mu}g$ m$L^{-1}$ exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity by 87.2, and 52.8%, respectively. By means of HPLC analysis, MeOH extracts of C. segetum had the highest amount of antioxidant chlorogenic acid. Based on MTT assay, the methanol extracts from Y. sonchifolia ($IC_{50}$ = 65.7${\mu}g$ $mL^{-1}$) showed the highest cytotoxicity against Calu-6. These results suggest that plant extracts had a dose-dependent biological potentials including phytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity, and that their activities exhibited differently depending on plant species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2010

The neuroprotective effects of extracts from various parts of peanut sprouts on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in N18-RE-105 cells were investigated. This study was performed to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of methanolic extracts from the whole (WME), heads (HME), and stems (SME) of peanut sprouts. The neuroprotective effects of these extracts were measured by MTT reduction assay, LDH release assay, phase-contrast microscopy, and flow cytometric analysis on the N18-RE-105 cells. Among these extracts, the HME showed the greatest neuroprotective effects, and was further fractionated with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water, according to degree of polarity. Out of the fractionated extracts, the diethyl ether layer showed the highest activity on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in N18-RE-105 cells. The sub-G1 DNA contents of the glutamate-induced severely apoptotic N18-RE-105s were measured by flow cytometric analysis to confirm the HME's anti-apoptotic activity. Interestingly, after incubation with 100 mg/ml of the HME, the proportion of sub-G1 cells of the glutamate-stressed N18-RE-105s had been greatly reduced, from 58.5% to 9.1%. These results imply that HME may have strong potential as a chemotherapeutic agent against neuronal diseases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.352-363
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• 2017

To investigate skin-whitening effect of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica sprout extract, antioxidant activity, inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in B16/F10 melanoma cell were examined. Total phenolic content (246.25 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (303.94 mg RE/g) of ethyl acetate fraction from Adenophora triphylla sprout (EFAT) showed the highest contents than other fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and distilled water). Antioxidant activities of EFAT has been evaluated using ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging activities, FRAP and inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation. EFAT showed excellent radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect on MDA production. Inhibitory effect of tyrosinase as a major enzyme of melanin synthesis was also measured. In these results, EFAT showed higher inhibitory effect against L-DOPA (51.27%) than L-tyrosine. $IC_{50}$ value on ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was $41.93{\mu}g/ml$. In B16/F10 melanoma cells, EFAT inhibited melanin synthesis at $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration (about 42% decrease). Finally, main physiological compounds of EFAT were identified as a rutin and a chlorogenic acid using high performance liquid chromatography.